1.1 概述- 本指南介绍了对温室气体的原因和影响进行自愿评估和管理的一般系统方法。它包括温室气体减排、影响和适应的机构（法律）和工程（物理）控制行动。分层分析选项提供了一个优先级排序系统，以解决设施的“最差优先”挑战，解决实用性和成本效益问题。 1.2 目的- 本指南的目的是提供一系列符合温室气体相关行动基本原则和实践的选项。本指南鼓励对设施和业务运营产生的温室气体结果进行一致和全面的评估和管理。 1.2.1 该指南还提供了一些高- 监控、跟踪和绩效的级别选项，以评估商业实体战略的有效性，确保采取合理的方法。 1.2.2 本标准与ASTM委员会E50标准系列有关环境风险评估和管理。 1.3 目标- 本指南的目标是确定与温室气体状态有关的设施和/或财产的状况，以及为管理、减少或抵消这些排放而采取的行动。 1.3.1 该指南提供了一个三层决策战略，重点关注业务风险、应对温室气体的成本效益解决方案，以及能源独立性等相关问题。 1.4 本指南的局限性- 鉴于可能希望使用本指南的不同类型设施的多样性，以及州和地方法规的存在，不可能解决可能适用于特定设施的所有相关标准。本指南使用通用语言和示例来指导用户。如果用户不清楚如何将标准应用于其特定情况，建议用户寻求合格专业人员的帮助。 1.4.1 保险业- 温室气体对保险公司的影响尚不清楚。保险事故的定义和提出保险索赔的起始点，以及发现条件和导致保险损失的可诉信息的时间尚不清楚。 出于与特定事件相关的保险目的，推测高度不确定的温室气体可能是不合适的。 1.4.2 本指南对气候变化科学、其与人为温室气体的关系或国际机构生成的各种数学模型不持任何立场。 1.4.3 该指南没有将水蒸汽作为温室气体加以论述。 1.4.4 该指南仅涉及人为温室气体。 1.5 本指南使用了政府间气候变化专门委员会、ISO、世界资源研究所和国家科学院等多个引用来源的有关温室气体控制、管理和减少的参考文献和信息。 1.6 美国的几个联邦监管机构（包括环境保护局、能源部和证券交易委员会）是有关温室气体现有和预期监管和管理的信息来源。 注1: 调节天然气井甲烷排放的新气源性能标准编入40 CFR 60子部分OOOO。 1.7 本指南依赖于各州机构关于温室气体的最新监管信息，包括加利福尼亚州空气资源委员会、马萨诸塞州和康涅狄格州环境保护部、华盛顿生态部、西部气候倡议和区域温室气体倡议。 1.8 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.9 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.10 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 本指南的使用将针对审慎的商业决策、有关温室气体排放/控制/减少条件的沟通、保险、潜在减少和/或补救措施的高层分析、预算编制、实体对产生的温室气体的管理的战略规划 与其业务相关 . 4.2 示例用户: 4.2. 1. 小型企业或企业； 4.2.2 服务业； 4.2.3 联邦、州或市政设施和监管机构，包括卫生部门和消防部门； 4.2.4 金融和保险机构； 4.2.5 废物管理人员，包括液体和固体废物运输、处理、回收、处置和转移； 4.2.6 顾问、审计师、检查员和合规协助人员； 4.2.7 教育设施； 4.2.8 财产、建筑物和场地管理，包括景观美化； 4.2.9 非监管政府机构，如军方。 4.3 本指南是制定用于评估、管理和减少温室气体的简化管理目标的第一步。该框架描述了用户对当前碳足迹进行分类的过程以及管理这些风险的优先方法。 该技术对缓解和适应的常见反应进行分类。该指南根据应对温室气体排放的相对速度将响应和示例分为几层。本指南中的层次分类反映了州、联邦和地方响应计划的一般结构。这些机构通常根据温室气体应对措施的及时可用性和成本效益对类似应对措施进行分类。 4.3.1 本指南 介绍了美国在公司或小企业自愿基础上进行基线评估和合理缓解/适应战略选择的基本原则和战略 . 以下原则适用于该优先权制度: 4.3.2 能够为活动设定具体的温室气体目标。这些目标可能包括在增加设施运行的同时保持现有温室气体输出，或在保持当前运行的同时通过工程变更减少温室气体。 4.3.3 营销环境意识和敏感性； 4.3.4 评估未来温室气体事件的风险； 4.3.5 风险管理、承销；损失控制和历史；保费和索赔； 4.3.6 债务评估和贷款资格； 4.3.7 设施特定评估的标准化、一致性和认证； 4.3.8 教育员工、客户和客户； 4.3.9 生成多媒体和跨媒体信息； 4.3.10 评估供应商，以及 4.3.11 降低成本和防止污染。 4.4 用户可以考虑温室气体评估和应对的各种好处。 4.4.1 本指南是关于温室气体影响的基本入门，可用于向不熟悉原则的组织介绍该主题。 4.4.2 一些政府执法机构、受托人和商业组织公布了温室气体战略。例如，美国400多个城市签署了处理温室气体的国际标准原则。公众有系统的能力访问或评估个人企业的信息。因此，企业需要关于如何评估温室气体的性质和潜在风险的指导，以及通过节能、污染预防、替代和新兴技术以及其他主动管理系统来减少或消除这些风险的方案方法。 注4: 用户可能希望考虑制定数据质量目标、数据管理程序和文档。 4.4.3 通过对温室气体应对机会的分层评估，可以降低运行和维护成本。 4.4.4 应对措施可以简化，以便组织中的所有级别都可以参与。 4.4.5 通过改进温室气体应对方案，一些企业可能在市场上更具竞争力。 4.4.6 设定优先级可以规划和评估新的温室气体响应要求。 4.5 机构风险- 温室气体带来的一些风险包括联邦政府和州政府机构未来采取的行动。政府项目将制定温室气体应对措施，包括对各种受监管实体进行强制性评估、报告和缓解。 早期自愿行动，包括使用本指南，可能有助于组织准备并减少未来政府法规的影响。下文介绍了为解决温室气体问题而可能制定的一些政府计划。 4.5.1 碳税。 4.5.2 限制温室气体排放。 4.5.2.1 柔性排放帽与刚性排放帽。 4.5.2.2 有无温室气体配额价格的上限和下限。 4.5.2.3 符合国内和国际补偿的资格。 4.6 管理风险不确定性: 4.6.1 毫无疑问，在国际一级，温室气体将继续受到管制。然而，关于这些监管变化的实施规模和速度，以及它们在不同地区会产生什么影响，仍然存在一些重要的问题。 预测未来全球温室气体水平的能力有所提高，但了解温室气体对社会的影响并分析缓解和适应战略的努力仍相对不成熟。 4.6.2 本指南中的分层分析将有助于支持决策，研究区域影响，并在面临不确定性时与更广泛的利益相关者群体进行沟通。 4.6.3 保险业一直发挥着作用，为与天气有关的风险提供保险，促进更强有力的建筑规范，以及更好的土地使用决策。 注5: 因此，本指南不涉及与天气相关的影响。 4.6.4 许多温室气体监管计划需要记录和验证基准温室气体产量。 标准技术包含在ISO 14064-1、ISO 14064-2、ISO 14064-3:2006-03-01和ISO 14065中。

1.1 Overview— This guide presents a generalized systematic approach to voluntary assessment and management of the causes and impacts of GHGs. It includes actions, both institutional (legal) and engineering (physical) controls for GHG reductions, impacts, and adaptations. Options for a tiered analysis provide a priority ranking system, to address the “worst first” challenges of a facility, addressing practicality and cost-benefit. 1.2 Purpose— The purpose of this guide is to provide a series of options consistent with basic principles and practices for GHG-related action. This guide encourages consistent and comprehensive assessment and management of GHG outcomes from facility and business operations. 1.2.1 The guide also provides some high-level options for the monitoring, tracking and performance to evaluate the effectiveness of the commercial entity’s strategy to ensure that a reasonable approach is taken. 1.2.2 This standard ties into the ASTM Committee E50 standards series related to environmental risk assessment and management. 1.3 Objectives— The objectives of this guide are to determine the conditions of the facility and or/property with regard to the status of GHGs and actions to be taken to manage and reduce or offset those emissions. 1.3.1 The guide provides a three-tiered decision strategy that focuses on business risk, cost-effective solutions in response to greenhouse gases, and related issues such as the need for energy independence. 1.4 Limitations of this Guide— Given the variability of the different types of facilities that may wish to use this guide, and the existence of state and local regulations, it is not possible to address all the relevant standards that might apply to a particular facility. This guide uses generalized language and examples to guide the user. If it is not clear to the user how to apply standards to their specific circumstances, it is recommended that users seek assistance from qualified professionals. 1.4.1 Insurance Industry— The effects of GHG on insurers are not clear. The definition of an insurable occurrence and a commencement point for when insurable claims are made, along with when conditions were discovered and the actionable information leading to an insurable loss is not clear. It may be inappropriate to speculate on GHGs that are highly uncertain for purposes of insurance related to specific events. 1.4.2 This guide does not take a position on the science of climate change, its association with anthropogenic greenhouse gases, or various mathematical models generated by international bodies. 1.4.3 The guide does not address water vapor as a greenhouse gas. 1.4.4 The guide only addresses anthropogenic greenhouse gases. 1.5 The guide uses references and information on the control, management and reduction of GHGs from many cited sources such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ISO, the World Resources Institute, and the National Academy of Sciences. 1.6 Several U.S.-based federal regulatory agencies served as sources of information on existing and anticipated regulation and management of GHGs including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Energy, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Note 1: New Source Performance Standards regulating methane emissions from natural gas wells are codified in 40 CFR 60 Subpart OOOO. 1.7 This guide relies on current regulatory information about GHGs from various state agencies, including the California Air Resources Board, the Massachusetts and Connecticut Departments of Environmental Protection, the Washington Department of Ecology, the Western Climate Initiative, and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 The use of this guide would be directed toward prudent business decision making, communications regarding GHGs emissions/control/reduction conditions, insurance, high-level analysis of potential reductions and/or remedies, budgeting, strategic planning for an entity’s management of GHGs produced in relationship to its business . 4.2 Example Users: 4.2.1 Small businesses or enterprises; 4.2.2 Service industries; 4.2.3 Federal, state or municipal facilities and regulators, including departments of health and fire departments; 4.2.4 Financial and insurance institutions; 4.2.5 Waste managers, including liquid and solid waste haulers, treatment, recycling, disposal and transfer; 4.2.6 Consultants, auditors, inspectors and compliance assistance personnel; 4.2.7 Educational facilities; 4.2.8 Property, buildings and grounds management, including landscaping; 4.2.9 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military. 4.3 This guide is a first step in crafting simplified management goals for assessing, managing and reducing GHGs. The framework describes a process by which the user may categorize current carbon footprints and a priority approach to manage those risks. The technique classifies common responses for both mitigation and adaptation. The guide groups responses and examples into tiers based on the relative speed in responding to GHG emissions. The tier classifications found in this guide reflect the general structures of state, federal, and local response programs. These authorities generally classify groups of similar responses according to the timely availability and cost effectiveness of GHG responses. 4.3.1 This guide presents basic principles and strategies in the U.S. for conducting baseline assessment and reasonable mitigation/adaptation strategic options on a corporate, or small business voluntary basis . The following principals apply to this priority system: 4.3.2 Ability to set specific GHG goals for activities. These goals may include maintaining existing outputs of GHG while increasing a facility’s operations, or reducing GHG through engineering changes while maintaining current operations. 4.3.3 Marketing environmental awareness and sensitivity; 4.3.4 Assessing risks from future GHG events; 4.3.5 Risk management, underwriting; loss control and history; premiums and claims; 4.3.6 Liability assessment and qualifications for loans; 4.3.7 Standardization, consistency, and certification of facility specific evaluations; 4.3.8 Educating employees, clients, and customers; 4.3.9 Generating multi media and cross medium information; 4.3.10 Evaluating vendors, and 4.3.11 Reducing costs and preventing pollution. 4.4 Users may consider various benefits of GHG assessment and response. 4.4.1 This guide is a basic primer on GHG impacts and may serve to introduce the subject for organizations unfamiliar with the principles. 4.4.2 Some government enforcement agencies, fiduciaries and business organizations publish GHG strategies. Over 400 municipalities in the United States, for example, have signed the principles of international standards to address GHGs. The public has systematic ability to access or estimate information on individual businesses. Therefore, businesses need guidance on how to assess the nature and potential risks of GHGs, and a programmatic approach for reducing or eliminating those risks through energy conservation, pollution prevention, alternative and emerging technologies and other proactive management systems. Note 4: Users may wish to consider establishing data quality objectives, data management procedures, and documentation. 4.4.3 Reduced operation and maintenance costs may be realized through a tiered evaluation of GHG response opportunities. 4.4.4 Responses may be streamlined and simplified so that all levels in an organization may participate. 4.4.5 Some enterprises may be more competitive in the marketplace with improved GHG response programs. 4.4.6 Setting priorities can allow planning and evaluation of new GHG response requirements. 4.5 Institutional Risks— Some of the risks posed by GHG include future actions taken by the Federal Government and state government agencies. Government programs will establish responses to GHG that include mandatory assessment, reporting and mitigation for various regulated entities. Early voluntary actions, including the use of this guide, may help organizations prepare for and reduce the impacts of future government regulations. Some of the possible government programs that may be instituted to address GHG are described below. 4.5.1 The Carbon Tax. 4.5.2 Cap on greenhouse gas emissions. 4.5.2.1 Flexible versus rigid emission cap. 4.5.2.2 With and without ceilings and floors on GHG allowance prices. 4.5.2.3 Eligibility of domestic and international offsets for compliance. 4.6 Managing Risk Uncertainty: 4.6.1 There is little doubt at the international level that greenhouse gases will continue to be regulated. However, there are still important questions regarding how large and how fast these regulatory changes will be implemented, and what effects they will have in different regions. The ability to predict future global levels of GHGs has improved, but efforts to understand the impacts of GHGs on society and analyze mitigation and adaptation strategies are still relatively immature. 4.6.2 The tiered analysis in this guide will help support decision-making, studying regional impacts, and communicating with wider group of stakeholders in the face of uncertainty. 4.6.3 The insurance industry has always played a role by insuring against weather-related risks, promoting stronger building codes, and better land-use decision-making. Note 5: Consequently, weather-related impacts are not addressed in this guide. 4.6.4 Many GHG regulatory schemes require documentation and validation of baseline greenhouse gas production. Standard techniques are contained in ISO 14064–1, ISO 14064–2, ISO 14064–3: 2006-03-01, and in ISO 14065.