研究表明，通过管道输送的饮用水中铜含量较高 相对较新的铜管系统；较旧的管道系统通常输送较低的铜 他们的饮用水水平。这项研究提供了一个真实饮酒的现场数据 作为对水分配系统的更好理解 与治疗注意事项和遵守铅和铜规则有关。 从16栋建筑的饮用水龙头中抽取铜管和铜含量样本 管道的使用年限从1年到48年不等。每栋建筑的水样 在16小时停滞期之前和之后收集。一块家常菜 在水样被收集的水龙头附近，每栋建筑的冷水管都被切断 获得并分析，用X射线确定存在的铜垢的矿物学 衍射（XRD）和x射线光电子能谱（XPS）技术。 样品在鳞片外观和矿物学上表现出显著的差异， 展示单一配水系统中存在的管道规模的多样性。A. 在实际样品中发现了高溶解性和相对不溶性铜相的混合物 世界规模。既有稳定的鳞片，如孔雀石，也有相对不稳定的固体，如 无论年龄大小，氢氧化铜都会出现在管道中。在许多样品中，氢氧化铜 鳞片表面出现了黄铜矿，而大部分是孔雀石。铜 在两个管秤中也发现了氰化物。XPS和XRD显示为 用于描述由以下物质组成的复杂尺度的补充技术: 无定形和结晶固体包括10个参考文献、表格和图表。

Research has shown that higher levels of copper appear in drinking water conveyed through relatively new copper piping systems; older piping systems typically deliver lower copper levels in their drinking water. This research contributes field data from a real drinking water distribution system, providing a better understanding of this phenomenon, as it relates to treatment considerations and compliance with the Lead and Copper Rule. Copper pipes and copper levels were sampled from drinking water taps of 16 buildings with pipes ranging in age from less than 1 to 48 years. Water samples from each building were collected before and following a 16-hour stagnation period. A piece of domestic cold water pipe was cut from each building near the tap where the water samples were obtained and analyzed to determine the mineralogy of the copper scale present using xray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technologies. The samples showed remarkable variation in scale appearance and mineralogy, demonstrating the diversity of pipe scales present within a single distribution system. A mix of highly soluble and relatively insoluble copper phases were identified in the real world scale. Both stable scales, such as malachite, and relatively instable solids, such as cupric hydroxide appear in pipes irrespective of age. In many samples cupric hydroxide and cuprite appeared on the surface of the scale while malachite was in the bulk. Copper cyanide was also identified in two pipe scales. XPS and XRD are shown to be complimentary techniques for characterizing complex scales made up of a mixture of amorphous and crystalline solids Includes 10 references, table, figures.