1.1 本指南涵盖了使用分层方法检测和表征由天然或人造纤维的任何组合制成的消费纺织品中的银纳米材料。 1.2 本指南涵盖但不限于纺织品制造和可能含有银基纳米材料的消费性纺织品生产过程中使用的织物和零件（例如，线、棉絮）。它不适用于分析非消费性纺织品基质中的银纳米材料，也不涵盖纳米尺度上只有一维的薄膜银涂层。 1.3 本指南旨在为制造商、生产者、分析师、决策者、监管机构和其他对纺织品感兴趣的人提供资源。 1.4 本指南是在银纳米材料测量的特定背景下提出的； 然而，本文所述的结构化方法适用于用于处理消费类纺织品的其他纳米材料。 1.5 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全和健康实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 天然和人造纺织品纤维可以用化学品处理，以增强抗菌（真菌、细菌、病毒）性能。在某些情况下，银纳米材料可用于处理纺织纤维 ( 1. ) . 6. 银纳米材料用于处理各种消费纺织品，包括但不限于各种服装； 主要服装（衬衫、裤子）、外衣（手套、夹克）、内服（袜子和内衣）、儿童服装（睡衣）；儿童毛绒玩具；浴巾和床上用品（床单、枕头）；和医疗器械（伤口敷料） ( 2. ) . 4.2 有许多不同的化学和物理形式的银用于处理纺织品，本主题概述见 附录X1 . 4.3 中列出并描述了银检测和表征的几种适用技术 附录X2 因此，本指南的用户可以了解特定技术对其特定纺织品和银测量需求的适用性。 4.4 在产品生命周期的任何时候，都有许多不同的原因来测定纺织品中的银纳米材料。例如，生产商可能希望验证纺织品是否符合其内部质量控制规范，或者监管机构可能希望了解在其管辖范围内用于制造消费性纺织品的银纳米材料的特性，或者在洗涤过程中，可从处理过的纺织品中释放的银纳米材料的数量。 不管具体原因如何，检测和表征纺织品中存在的银纳米材料的结构化方法将有助于测量和数据比较。 4.5 本指南中介绍的方法（参见 图1 )由三个连续层组成:获取纺织品样品（第 7. )，银纳米材料的检测（第 8. )和银纳米材料的表征（第 9 ). 如果使用适当的（适用的）分析技术在纺织品样品中未检测到任何形式的银，则可以终止测试。如果检测到银，但银以非纳米级形式存在，则可将纺织品视为块状材料；然而，仍有可能释放银离子，将其转化为纳米级含银颗粒。如果银是以纳米级形式检测到的，则可以得出结论，它是纺织品样品中的银纳米材料，可以进行后续测量以表征其化学和物理性质。 4.6 有许多技术可用于检测和表征纺织品中的银纳米材料，这可能会给那些有兴趣制定分析策略和选择适当技术的人带来困惑。一些技术仅适用于银的某些化学形式，并且所有技术对于被测物的适用范围都有限。没有一种技术可以同时检测和全面表征纺织品中的银纳米材料。因此，本指南试图描述和定义一种使用商用测量技术的分层方法，以便制造商、生产者、分析师、决策者、监管机构和其他人在标准化框架内对纺织品中的银纳米材料进行分析时做出知情和适当的选择。用户应注意，本指南并非旨在解决所有可能的纺织品分析场景，也可能不适用于所有情况。 在这些情况下，专业判断是必要的。 4.7 本指南旨在提供一种分层方法，用于确定检测和表征纺织品中银的有效程序，以确定是否存在任何银纳米材料。这种分层方法也可用于确定所报告的纺织品中银纳米材料的测量值是否以适当和有意义的方式获得。 4.8 许多材料特性的测量取决于方法。因此，在比较来自不同物理或化学原理或不同测量范围的仪器的同一被测物的数据时，需要谨慎。 4.9 随着时间的推移，纺织品中的银含量有减少的趋势，因为银金属和银化合物可以与氧和其他氧化反应- 还原（氧化还原）活性剂存在于环境中，形成可溶性离子物种。这些离子通过与湿气接触释放（例如，来自环境湿度、洗涤、体汗、雨水或其他来源）。如中所述 附录X1 ，离子银物种的释放速度可能不同，这取决于许多特征，包括化学性质、表面积、结晶度、，以及银源的形状，以及银应用于纺织品的位置（在纤维表面上，在纤维体积中，等等），以及银以何种形式应用于纺织品（离散颗粒，带载体，等等）。因此，如果在纺织品中检测到银并对其特性进行了表征，则结果可能仅指示物品生命周期中的那一时刻，并且需要非常小心地从结果中得出时间推断。 4.10 纺织品的获取、储存、处理和准备也会影响报告的结果。

1.1 This guide covers the use of a tiered approach for detection and characterization of silver nanomaterials in consumer textile products made of any combination of natural or manufactured fibers. 1.2 This guide covers, but is not limited to, fabrics and parts (for example, thread, batting) used during the manufacture of textiles and production of consumer textile products that may contain silver-based nanomaterials. It does not apply to analysis of silver nanomaterials in non-consumer textile product matrices nor does it cover thin film silver coatings with only one dimension in the nanoscale. 1.3 This guide is intended to serve as a resource for manufacturers, producers, analysts, policymakers, regulators, and others with an interest in textiles. 1.4 This guide is presented in the specific context of measurement of silver nanomaterials; however, the structured approach described herein is applicable to other nanomaterials used to treat consumer textile products. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Natural and manufactured textiles fibers can be treated with chemicals to provide enhanced antimicrobial (fungi, bacteria, viruses) properties. In some cases, silver nanomaterials may be used to treat textile fibers ( 1 ) . 6 Silver nanomaterials are used to treat a wide array of consumer textile products, including but not limited to various clothing; primary garments (shirts, pants), outer wear (gloves, jackets), inner wear (socks and underwear), children’s clothing (sleepwear); children’s plush toys; bath towels and bedding (sheets, pillows); and medical devices (wound dressings) ( 2 ) . 4.2 There are many different chemical and physical forms of silver that are used to treat textiles and an overview of this topic is provided in Appendix X1 . 4.3 Several applicable techniques for detection and characterization of silver are listed and described in Appendix X2 so that users of this guide may understand the suitability of a particular technique for their specific textile and silver measurement need. 4.4 There are many different reasons to assay for silver nanomaterials in a textile at any point in a product’s life cycle. For example, a producer may want to verify that a textile meets their internal quality control specifications or a regulator may want to understand the properties of silver nanomaterials used to make a consumer textile product under their jurisdiction or what quantity of silver nanomaterial is potentially available for release from the treated textile during a washing process. Regardless of the specific reason, a structured approach to detect and characterize silver nanomaterials present in a textile will facilitate measurements and data comparison. 4.5 The approach presented in this guide (see Fig. 1 ) consists of three sequential tiers: obtain a textile sample (Section 7 ), detection of a silver nanomaterial (Section 8 ), and characterization of a silver nanomaterial (Section 9 ). If no forms of silver are detected in a textile sample using appropriate (fit for purpose) analytical techniques then testing can be terminated. If silver is detected but present in a non-nanoscale form, the textile can be treated as a bulk material; however, there still may be potential for release of silver ions that transform into nanoscale silver-containing particles. If silver is detected in nanoscale form it can be concluded that it is a silver nanomaterial in the textile sample and subsequent measurements can be made to characterize its chemical and physical properties. 4.6 Numerous techniques are available for the detection and characterization of silver nanomaterials in textiles which can cause confusion for those interested in developing an analytical strategy and selecting appropriate techniques. Some techniques are applicable only to certain chemical forms of silver and all have limited ranges of applicability with respect to a measurand. No single technique is suitable to both detect and fully characterize silver nanomaterials in textiles. As such, this guide is an attempt to describe and define a tiered approach that uses commercially available measurement techniques so that manufacturers, producers, analysts, policymakers, regulators, and others may make informed and appropriate choices in assaying silver nanomaterials in textiles within a standardized framework. The user is cautioned that this guide does not purport to address all conceivable textile analysis scenarios and may not be appropriate for all situations. In these instances, professional judgment is necessary. 4.7 This guide is intended to provide a tiered approach to be used to determine an efficacious and efficient procedure for detecting and characterizing silver in textiles to make a determination as to whether any silver nanomaterial is present. This tiered approach may also be used to determine whether a reported measurand for silver nanomaterials in a textile was obtained in an appropriate and meaningful way. 4.8 Measurement of many material properties is method dependent. As such, caution is required when comparing data for the same measurand from instruments that operate on different physical or chemical principles or with different measurement ranges. 4.9 The amount of silver in a textile has a tendency to decrease over time as silver metal and silver compounds can react with oxygen and other oxidation-reduction (redox) active agents present in the environment to form soluble ionic species. These ions are released by contact with moisture (for example, from ambient humidity, washing, body sweat, rain, or other sources). As described in Appendix X1 , release of ionic silver species may occur at varying rates that depend on many characteristics, including chemical nature, surface area, crystallinity, and shape of the silver source as well as where the silver is applied to the textile (on the fiber surface, in the volume of the fiber, and so forth) and in what form the silver is applied to the textile (discrete particles, with carriers, and so forth). Hence, if silver is detected in a textile and its properties characterized, the result may only be indicative of that moment in the article’s life cycle and great care is necessary in drawing temporal inferences from the results. 4.10 Textile acquisition, storage, handling, and preparation can also affect reported results.