在以供暖为主的气候条件下，住宅地源热泵系统通常采用辅助电阻供暖。这是用于冬季供暖的一部分——它可以仅用于罕见的紧急用途，也可以用于提供相当一部分年度冬季供暖。在瑞典，典型的地源热泵通过辐射板和家用热水提供加热，当家用热水负荷较高或地源热交换器温度降至较低值时，辅助电阻加热被激活。 当使用电蒸汽换热器时，两个参数对地面加热能力有多大影响。反过来，由此产生的电阻加热和耗电模式对与发电相关的排放有重大影响。这种影响可能比从简单的年排放系数推断的更为显著——最高的供暖要求发生在非常寒冷的时候，这与瑞典进口可能使用化石燃料生产的电力时一致。 为了估算每小时的耗电量，模拟了斯德哥尔摩一栋典型的翻修后的20世纪40年代住宅的一系列系统设计，包括不同的地下换热器设计和热泵容量。应用了一系列用于估算二氧化碳排放量的数据集和模型，并对系统设计的影响和排放分析中使用的各种假设进行了研究。引文:ASHRAE论文CD:2014 ASHRAE年会，华盛顿州西雅图

Residential ground source heat pump systems in heating-dominated climates often incorporate auxiliary electric resistance heating. This is utilized for some portion of the winter heating – it could be intended only for rare, emergency use, or it could be intended to provide a significant fraction of the annual winter heating. In Sweden, where a typical ground source heat pump provides both heating via radiant panels and domestic hot water, the auxiliary electric resistance heating is activated when there are high domestic hot water loads or when ground heat exchanger temperatures fall to low values. Two design parameters have a strong effect on when and how much the electric resistance heating is used: ground heat exchanger size and heat pump capacity (i.e. of the vapor compression cycle.). In turn, the resulting pattern of electric resistance heating and electricity consumption has a significant influence on emissions associated with electric power generation. This influence may be more significant than might be inferred from simple annual emissions factors – the highest heating requirements occur when it is very cold and that is coincident with when Sweden imports electricity that may be produced with fossil fuels.A range of system designs with different ground heat exchanger designs and heat pump capacities serving a typical renovated 1940s-era house in Stockholm are simulated to estimate hourly electricity consumptions. A range of data sets and models for estimating CO2 emissions are applied and both the effect of the system design and the various assumptions used in the emission analysis are investigated.