与许多城市一样，弗吉尼亚州里士满市除了面临正常维护问题外，还面临着老化系统带来的复杂问题，该系统包括多年来安装的各种材料。（一些仍在使用的管道可以追溯到1832年。）这家公用事业公司的经验不仅适用于其他现已老化的系统，也适用于那些自身的世纪标志只是时间问题的所有系统。包括插图。

Like many cities, Richmond, Va., faces in addition to normal maintenance problems the complications resulting from an aging system encompassing a variety of materials installed over a span of many years. (Some pipe still in service dates back to 1832.) The utility's experiences are relevant not only to other now-elderly systems but to all those whose own century mark is but a matter of time. Includes illustrations.