1.1 本指南涵盖了实验室中流化催化裂化（FCC）催化剂的失活，作为小型性能测试的前体，例如催化剂活性（测试方法 D3907 )或活动加选择性（测试方法 D5154 和 D7964 ). 为了模拟在商业流化催化裂化装置（FCCU）中连续使用期间发生的老化，FCC催化剂在实验室中失活。本指南中的失活包括催化剂的水热失活以及镍和钒引起的金属中毒。水热处理用于模拟FCC催化剂通过重复再生循环发生的物理变化。 水热处理（蒸汽）破坏了八面沸石（Y型沸石）的稳定性，导致结晶度和表面积降低。当存在钒时，晶体结构进一步分解，当存在镍时，分解程度较小。钒被认为在水热环境中形成钒酸，导致催化剂的沸石部分破坏。镍的主要作用是毒害FCC催化剂的选择性。由于金属的脱氢活性，镍的存在会增加氢气和焦炭的产量。钒还表现出显著的脱氢活性，其程度可能受到整个失活过程中普遍存在的氧化和还原条件的影响。 模拟人们在商业上看到的金属效应是在实验室中使催化剂失活的目标的一部分。指南中介绍了仅通过水热处理的催化剂失活 D4463/D4463M . 1.2 本指南中描述的商业平衡催化剂实验室规模模拟的两种基本方法如下: 1.2.1 环丙烯汽蒸（CPS）法， 其中，催化剂通过初期润湿程序（米切尔法）浸渍所需金属 2. 然后进行规定的蒸汽失活。 1.2.2 方法上的裂缝， 其中，新鲜催化剂在蒸汽存在的情况下经历一系列重复的裂化（使用金属浓度较高的进料）、汽提和再生。 本文提出了两个具体程序，一个是交替金属沉积和失活步骤的程序，另一个是改进的两步程序，其中包括循环失活过程，以降低钒脱氢活性。 1.3 以国际单位制或英寸-磅单位表示的数值应单独视为标准值。每个系统中规定的值不一定是精确的等价物；因此，为确保符合本标准，每个系统应独立使用，且两个系统的值不得组合。 1.4 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。 本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 本指南描述了可用于在平衡条件下比较一系列裂化催化剂或模拟特定商业装置和特定催化剂的平衡条件的失活技术。

1.1 This guide covers the deactivation of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst in the laboratory as a precursor to small scale performance testing such as catalyst activities (Test Method D3907 ) or activities plus selectivities (Test Methods D5154 and D7964 ). FCC catalysts are deactivated in the laboratory in order to simulate the aging that occurs during continuous use in a commercial fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU). Deactivation for purposes of this guide constitutes hydrothermal deactivation of the catalyst and metal poisoning by nickel and vanadium. Hydrothermal treatment is used to simulate the physical changes that occur in the FCC catalyst through repeated regeneration cycles. Hydrothermal treatment (steaming) destabilizes the faujasite (zeolite Y), resulting in reduced crystallinity and surface area. Further decomposition of the crystalline structure occurs in the presence of vanadium, and to a lesser extent in the presence of nickel. Vanadium is believed to form vanadic acid in a hydrothermal environment resulting in destruction of the zeolitic portion of the catalyst. Nickel’s principle effect is to poison the selectivity of the FCC catalyst. Hydrogen and coke production is increased in the presence of nickel, due to the dehydrogenation activity of the metal. Vanadium also exhibits significant dehydrogenation activity, the degree of which can be influenced by the oxidation and reduction conditions prevailing throughout the deactivation process. The simulation of the metal effects that one would see commercially is part of the objective of deactivating catalysts in the laboratory. Catalyst deactivation by hydrothermal treatment only is addressed in Guide D4463/D4463M . 1.2 The two basic approaches to laboratory-scale simulation of commercial equilibrium catalysts described in this guide are as follows: 1.2.1 Cyclic Propylene Steaming (CPS) Method, in which the catalyst is impregnated with the desired metals via an incipient wetness procedure (Mitchell method) 2 followed by a prescribed steam deactivation. 1.2.2 Crack-on Methods, in which fresh catalyst is subjected to a repetitive sequence of cracking (using a feed with enhanced metals concentrations), stripping, and regeneration in the presence of steam. Two specific procedures are presented here, a procedure with alternating metal deposition and deactivation steps and a modified Two-Step procedure, which includes a cyclic deactivation process to target lower vanadium dehydrogenation activity. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 This guide describes techniques of deactivation that can be used to compare a series of cracking catalysts at equilibrium conditions or to simulate the equilibrium conditions of a specific commercial unit and a specific catalyst.