1.1 这些参考射线照片说明了高强度铜基、镍铜和相关合金铸件中出现的各种类别、类型和严重程度的不连续性。参考射线底片是本文件的附件，如有必要，必须从ASTM International单独购买（见 2.3 ). 这些参考射线照片所代表的每种不连续类型的类别和严重程度如所述 1.2 . 注1: 这些参考射线照片的应用基础需要事先获得买方-供应商关于第节所述射线检测属性和分类标准的协议 4. , 7. , 8. , 9 和 10 符合本标准。 1.2 这些参考射线照片由45张5×7组成 在里面（127×178） mm）标称尺寸复制品（20个由1 在里面(25.4 mm）暴露在低压X射线下的板铸件，厚度小于等于2英寸。 )和25由3制成 在里面(76 mm）暴露在2 MV X射线或钴60同位素下的板铸件，厚度大于2英寸。小于等于6英寸。除非买方-供应商协议中另有规定（见 1.1 )，每个不连续类别仅用于与该类别覆盖厚度范围内的辐射能量水平产生的生产射线照片进行比较。这些参考射线照片说明了砂铸锰镍铝青铜合金板中的不连续性，并代表了在狭窄冻结范围（以前称为“高收缩”）、高强度铜和镍铜合金中发现的不连续性。以下是本标准附属参考射线照片的不连续性类别、类型和严重程度列表（参见 注释2 ): 1.2.1 A类- 气体孔隙度；两种厚度范围的严重程度为1到5级。 1. 2.1.1 A. 十、 — 小于等于2英寸。（50.8 mm）（在以前的版本中称为“代码A不连续类型”）。 1.2.1.2 A. G — 大于2英寸。（50.8 mm）小于等于6 in。（152.4 mm）（在以前的版本中称为“代码A不连续类型”）。 1.2.2 B类- 夹杂物。 1.2.2.1 文学学士- 对于两种厚度范围，砂粒包裹体的严重程度为1至5级。 (1) 文学士 十、 -小于等于2英寸。（50.8 mm）（在以前的版本中称为“代码Ba不连续类型”）。 (2) 文学士 G -大于2英寸。（50.8 mm）小于等于6 in。（152.4 mm）（在以前的版本中称为“代码Ba不连续类型”）。 1.2.2.2 Bb浮渣夹杂物，两种厚度范围的严重程度为1至5级。 (1) Bb型 十、 -小于等于2英寸。（50.8 mm）（在以前的版本中称为“代码Bb不连续类型”）。 (2) Bb型 G -大于2英寸。（50.8 mm）小于等于6 in。（152.4 mm）（在以前的版本中称为“代码Bb不连续类型”）。 1.2.3 C类- 收缩三种类型 1.2.3.1 加利福尼亚州- 线性收缩，2英寸厚度的严重程度为1至5级。小于等于6英寸。（50.8至152.4毫米）。 1.2.3.2 断路器- 羽状收缩，厚度小于等于2英寸的严重程度为1至5级。（50.8毫米）。（在以前的版本中称为“Cd羽状收缩”。） 1.2.3.3 抄送- 海绵状收缩，厚度为2英寸的严重程度为1至5级。小于等于6英寸。（50.8至152.4 mm）（在以前的版本中称为“Cd海绵收缩”）。 注2: 用下标“X”指定的不连续类是用低能X射线辐射产生的；用下标“G”指定的不连续性等级是用钴60或2 MV X射线或两者产生的，并且与本标准先前版本中使用的参考射线照片和厚度范围相同。部分 4. 详细说明了这些参考射线照片的意义和用途。 1.3 有时，参考射线照片辅助材料的制造工艺可能会有微小变化。这些变化可能包括所用薄膜或加工化学品的变化、硬纸板垫模具或印刷的变化等。；然而，在所有情况下，这些变化均由插图监测小组委员会审查，并根据固定原型图像审查所有参考射线照片，以确保参考射线照片所代表的验收水平没有变化。因此，无论文本标准的生产日期或修订水平如何，附加参考射线照片均适用于本标准。 1.4 单位- 以英寸-磅为单位的数值应视为标准值。括号中给出的值是到国际单位制的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准值。 1.5 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 人员资格- 根据本标准使用参考射线照片的人员应符合国家或国际公认的无损检测人员资格认证惯例或标准，并经业主或认证机构认证（如适用）。 使用的惯例或标准及其适用版本应在使用方之间的合同协议中确定。业主应授权人员进行射线照相解释。应提供经认证的三级人员，以协助解释适用于参考射线照片的规范和产品要求（如果三级人员是射线照相口译员，则可能是同一个人）。 4.2 高强度铜基和镍铜合金铸件的参考射线照片旨在作为识别常见不连续性及其在类型和严重程度方面的区分的指南。对这些合金最常见的不连续类型进行了说明。其他不连续类型，如热撕裂、裂纹和未熔合的小导管架，如适用的参考射线照片所示 E186 , E192 和 E446 . 为了便于参考，典型铸造缺陷和相应射线照相指示类型的描述包含在第节中 5. . 买方和供应商可通过相互协议选择特定的不连续性类别（见 1.2 )作为代表最低可接受水平的标准。（参见章节 7. 和 8. .) 4.3 当确定适用于铸造服务应用时，本标准代表的参考射线照片可用于本标准范围外的能级、厚度或两者，如买方-供应商协议中约定。 4.4 第节规定了使用本标准适用参考射线照片评估生产射线照片的程序 9 ; 然而，可能存在涉及特定铸造服务应用的制造买方问题，在这些应用中可能需要修改或更改此类要求。 如果此类修改可能适用于铸造应用，则所有此类变更应在买方-供应商协议或合同文件中注明。部分 10 解决可能需要补焊的买方供应商要求。 4.5 以下ASTM规范说明了可与这些标准一起使用的合金。这些参考射线照片也适用于相关的政府和商业材料规范。 合金 ASTM规范 A. 铝青铜 B148 镍铝青铜 B148 铜镍合金 B369型 锰青铜 B584 合金 政府规范 A. 锰镍铝青铜 MIL-B-21230A-2号合金。 镍铜合金 MIL-B-21230A-2号合金。 （A） 参见第节 2. 有关这些规范的完整标题。

1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in high-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related alloy castings. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.3 ). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2 . Note 1: The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion described in Sections 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 , and 10 of this standard. 1.2 These reference radiographs consist of forty-five 5 by 7 in. (127 by 178 mm) nominal size reproductions (20 made from 1 in. (25.4 mm) plate castings exposed with low voltage X-rays for thicknesses up to and including 2 in.) and 25 made from 3 in. (76 mm) plate castings exposed with 2 MV X-rays or Cobalt 60 isotope for thicknesses greater than 2 in. up to and including 6 in. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1 ), each discontinuity category is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by the category. These reference radiographs illustrate discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates and are representative of those found in narrow freezing range (formerly “high shrinkage”), high-strength copper and nickel-copper alloys. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types, and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard (see Note 2 ): 1.2.1 Category A— Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5 for two thickness ranges. 1.2.1.1 A X — Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called “Code A Discontinuity type” in previous revisions). 1.2.1.2 A G — Greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code A Discontinuity type” in previous revisions). 1.2.2 Category B— Inclusions. 1.2.2.1 Ba— Sand inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5 for two thickness ranges. (1) Ba X —Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called “Code Ba Discontinuity type” in previous revisions). (2) Ba G —Greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code Ba Discontinuity type” in previous revisions). 1.2.2.2 Bb—Dross inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5 for two thickness ranges. (1) Bb X —Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called “Code Bb Discontinuity type” in previous revisions). (2) Bb G —greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code Bb Discontinuity type” in previous revisions). 1.2.3 Category C— Shrinkage; three types 1.2.3.1 Ca— linear shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses 2 in. up to and including 6 in. (50.8 to 152.4 mm). 1.2.3.2 Cb— feathery shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called “Cd feathery shrinkage” in previous revisions.) 1.2.3.3 Cc— spongy shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses 2 in. up to and including 6 in. (50.8 to 152.4 mm) (called “Cd spongy shrinkage” in previous revisions). Note 2: Discontinuity classes designated with a subscript “X” were produced with low energy X-ray radiation; discontinuity classes designated with subscript “G” were produced with Cobalt 60 or 2 MV X-rays, or both, and are the same reference radiographs and thickness ranges used in previous editions of this standard. Section 4 details the significance and use of these reference radiographs. 1.3 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunct materials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for the cardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and all reference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance level represented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standard regardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard. 1.4 Units— The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Personnel Qualification— Personnel utilizing reference radiographs to this standard shall be qualified to perform radiographic interpretation in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties. Personnel shall be authorized to perform radiographic interpretation by the employer. A certified Level III shall be available to assist with interpreting specifications and product requirements as applied to the reference radiographs (if the Level III is the radiographic interpreter, this may be the same person). 4.2 Reference radiographs for high-strength copper-base and nickel-copper alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are illustrated. Other discontinuity types such as hot tears, cracks, and unfused chaplets are illustrated in applicable Reference Radiographs E186 , E192 , and E446 . For reference, descriptions of typical casting defects and corresponding radiographic indication types are contained in Section 5 . Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes (see 1.2 ) to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability. (See Sections 7 and 8 .) 4.3 Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses, or both, outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. 4.4 Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 9 ; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 10 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required. 4.5 The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys that may be used with these standards. It is intended that these reference radiographs also apply to related government and commercial material specifications. Alloys ASTM Specifications A Aluminum Bronze B148 Nickel-Aluminum Bronze B148 Copper-Nickel B369 Manganese Bronze B584 Alloys Government Specification A Manganese-Nickel-Aluminum Bronze MIL-B-21230A—Alloy No. 2. Nickel-Copper MIL-B-21230A—Alloy No. 2. (A) See Section 2 for the complete title(s) of these specification(s).