1.1 本试验方法用于测试防护服材料、接缝和闭合件等组件或防护服结构中使用的接口的试样。试验液体的可见渗透阻力是通过液体与试样正常外（外）表面持续接触来确定的。 1.2 该试验方法包括在暴露时间和施加压力方面保持液体与试样接触的不同程序。为如何选择合适的液体接触程序提供了建议。 1.3 在某些情况下，大量危险物质会渗透到通过渗透测试的试样中。对于更敏感的分析，使用任一测试方法 F739 或 F1383 以确定渗透性。 1.4 本试验方法不涉及蒸汽通过防护服材料的渗透。 1.5 本试验方法不适用于非平面防护服材料、界面或组件，如手套的指尖或胯部区域，这些都是可能的故障点。 1.6 本试验方法不涉及全防护服或套装的液体渗透阻力。 使用测试方法 1359英尺/1359米 为了这个目的。 1.7 以英寸-磅单位表示的值应被视为标准值。括号中的值仅供参考。 注1: 过去的测试允许使用不同的屏幕设计，但没有足够的文件来允许复制。推荐屏幕和允许复制的文档的结果可能与之前的结果不同。 1.8 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如果有的话）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 具体危害见第节 7. . 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 5.1 该试验方法通常用于评估液体通过防护服中使用的材料、接缝、闭合件或其他平面组件以及防护服成品试样渗透的阻隔效果。 5.1.1 防护服成品包括手套、护臂、围裙、工作服、西装、兜帽、靴子和类似物品。 5.1.2 “成品样本”一词允许包括防护服项目的连续区域以及防护服的接缝或其他不连续区域。 5.1.3 试样类型仅限于那些相对平坦（平面）的试样，这些试样能够密封在本试验方法中规定的试验室中，而不会发生外围泄漏。 5.2 在某些情况下，替代挑战液体（例如水或异丙醇）适合推广材料对液体的抗渗透性。 然而，化学和分子性质（例如表面张力）的差异可能会导致不同的结果。 5.3 除了液体通过材料或服装子组件中的空隙、缺陷或瑕疵渗透的故障模式外，一些选定的化学物质还会导致阻隔材料、薄膜或涂层的降解，导致长时间接触后渗透。 7. 5.4 样本如何暴露于液体的五种不同程序见 表1 在该测试方法中，所有程序都涉及在测试期间持续的液体暴露。 这些程序需要不同的静水压力和液体暴露时间。 A. 使用固定屏幕是可选的。如果使用保留屏幕，请在报告中注明其用途。 B 程序C在应急响应防护服的几个标准中都有规定，包括NFPA 1951、NFPA 1952、NFPA 1971、NFPA 1991和NFPA 1992，可从马萨诸塞州昆西市巴特里马奇公园的NFPA获得，邮编02269。 5.4.1 程序A、B和C在15或60分钟的液体暴露时间内，在指定的时间段（1或10分钟）内施加设定压力（6.9或13.8 kPa[1或2 psig]）。 5.4.2 程序A和B代表了美国国家职业安全与健康研究所开发的最初建立的液体接触方法，其中程序A涉及施加测试压力（13.8 kPa[2 psig]），该压力已被发现可以区分材料的液体阻隔性能，而程序B使用较低的压力（6.9 kPa[1 psig]）来适应在施加13.8 kPa（2 psig）压力时出现膨胀或伸长的材料。 8. , 9 这两种程序都需要将试样在环境压力下暴露5分钟，然后将试样暴露于试验压力下10分钟。 5.4.3 程序C的制定是为了考虑可能因材料或组件退化而发生故障的更长暴露时间。程序C在试验的一部分中使用13.8kPa（2psig）的试验压力，其中试样首先在环境压力下暴露于液体中5分钟，然后在13.8kPa下暴露1分钟，再在环境压力中继续暴露54分钟。 5.4.4 程序D涉及在1分钟内以3.5 kPa（0.5 psig）的增量将压力从环境压力（0 kPa[0 psig]）顺序增加到68.9 kPa（10 psig），直到在特定试验压力下观察到液体渗透。 压力变化之间的时间间隔设置为1分钟，以与程序C中施加压力的时间一致。 5.4.5 程序E允许测试方法用户指定试样暴露于液体的压力和持续时间。 5.5 不同的程序报告了不同的结果。 5.5.1 对于每个复制，程序A、B和C的结果报告为“通过”或“失败”。通过结果表明，在测试暴露期间没有观察到液体渗透。 5.5.2 程序D的结果被报告为每个重复实验中观察到液体渗透的试验压力。 5.6 压力/时间顺序和测试结果类型的选择取决于测试的目标。 5.6.1 程序C在几个不同的国家消防协会标准中进行了规定，以确定防护服材料、接缝和第一响应者防护服的闭合件的最低阻隔性能。 5.6.2 当在没有设定压力通过/失败标准的情况下寻求发生渗透的压力时，可以使用程序D。程序D也可用于评估防护服材料和组件的坚固性，作为质量体系的一部分。 也可以使用程序D来补充程序A、B和C提供的通过/失败结果。 5.6.3 程序E允许根据测试的具体需求设置特定的压力/时间暴露顺序。 5.6.4 在该试验方法中，施加静水压力，但不一定与半刚性或刚性表面上的机械压力相关。 5.6.5 建议进行人为因素调查、危害/风险暴露评估或类似研究，以确定最合适的程序，将测量防护服材料液体渗透阻力的特定程序的选择与防护服材料的预期防护性能联系起来。 5.7 该试验方法允许使用固定筛来防止施加压力时试样过度拉伸。然而，重要的是，所选的固定筛不会干扰液体渗透的观察或影响试样在试验室中的密封。 5.8 测试的一个关键特征是如何将试样密封在测试单元中。试样密封不充分会导致错误的结果（观察到的液体渗透是由于密封方法而不是通过试样渗透造成的）。 建议验证用于密封试验室中试样的任何特殊方法，以确保试验室中的试样具有足够的完整性，不会造成试样损坏，也不会干扰液体渗透的观察。用于密封试验室中试样的特殊方法必须记录在报告中。 5.8.1 密封试样的适当技术可能因液体和/或材料的物理和化学性质而异。 5.8.2 通常使用两种密封电池选项。选项1包含夹在两个平垫片之间的大部分试样周长。 选项2将试样周边完全悬挂在密封装置外，以允许任何泄漏从试样上滴落。只要实现了适当的密封，就允许使用替代方法。 5.8.2.1 当液体和/或材料的物理和化学性质使得需要封装试样的外周时，例如当试样的两个外表面都对挑战液体具有高吸收性时，选项1可能是有利的。或者，挑战液体的表面张力足够低，任何泄漏都会在测试期间有效地排空液体室。 5.8.2.2 当接缝和其他平面缺陷使得获得平坦密封变得困难，并且试样的至少一个外表面对挑战液体的吸收性不高时，选项2可能是有利的。 注2: 对吸收率或表面张力的粗略评估是指液滴在给定表面上停留的时间。 5.9 本试验方法规定了至少三个试样。然而，根据测试方法的应用，使用更多样本根据特定的可接受质量限值制定抽样计划也是合适的。 MIL-STD-105E、ANSI/ASQC Z1.4和ISO 2859-1中提供了这种方法的潜在采样计划。 5.10 本试验方法不涉及全防护服或套装的液体渗透。使用测试方法 1359英尺/1359米 对防护服或防护服的液体完整性进行全面评估，特别是不能通过本测试方法直接评估的防护服或保护服的区域，如不同衣物和设备之间的界面区域。

1.1 This test method is used to test specimens of protective clothing materials, assemblies such as seams and closures, or interfaces used in the construction of protective clothing. The resistance to visible penetration of the test liquid is determined with the liquid in continuous contact with the normally outside (exterior) surface of the test specimen. 1.2 This test method includes different procedures for maintaining the liquid in contact with the test specimen in terms of the length of exposure and the pressure applied. Suggestions are provided for how to select an appropriate procedure for liquid contact. 1.3 In some cases, significant amounts of hazardous materials will permeate specimens that pass the penetration tests. For more sensitive analyses, use either Test Method F739 or F1383 to determine permeation. 1.4 This test method does not address penetration of vapors through protective clothing materials. 1.5 This test method is not applicable to non-planar protective clothing materials, interfaces, or assemblies such as the fingertips or crotch areas of gloves, which are possible failure points. 1.6 This test method does not address the liquid penetration resistance of full protective clothing items or ensembles. Use Test Method F1359/F1359M for this purpose. 1.7 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. Note 1: Past testing allowed different screen designs to be used without sufficient documentation to allow duplication. The results with recommended screens and with documentation to allow duplication may be different from previous results. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are given in Section 7 . 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 This test method is normally used to evaluate the barrier effectiveness against penetration of liquids through materials, seams, closures, or other planar assemblies used in protective clothing and specimens from finished items of protective clothing. 5.1.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves, arm protectors, aprons, coveralls, suits, hoods, boots, and similar items. 5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” is permitted to include continuous regions of protective clothing items as well as seamed or other discontinuous regions of protective clothing. 5.1.3 The types of specimens are limited to those that are relatively flat (planar) that are capable of being sealed in the test cell specified in this test method without peripheral leakage. 5.2 A substitute challenge liquid (for example, water or isopropanol) is appropriate in some cases to generalize material penetration resistance to liquids. However, it is possible that differences in chemical and molecular properties (for example, surface tension) may lead to different results. 5.3 In addition to the failure mode where a liquid finds a pathway for penetration through a void, imperfection, or defect in material or clothing subassembly, some selected chemicals cause degradation of barrier material, film, or coating, leading to penetration over extended periods of contact. 7 5.4 Five different procedures for how the specimen is exposed to the liquid are provided in Table 1 . In this test method, all procedures involve liquid exposure that is continuous over the duration of the test. These procedures entail different hydrostatic pressures and durations of liquid exposure. (A) Use of a retaining screen is optional. If a retaining screen is used, indicate its use in the report. (B) Procedure C is specified in several standards for emergency response protective clothing, including NFPA 1951, NFPA 1952, NFPA 1971, NFPA 1991, and NFPA 1992, available from NFPA, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. 5.4.1 Procedures A, B, and C apply a set pressure (6.9 or 13.8 kPa [1 or 2 psig]) for a specified period of time (1 or 10 min) over a 15 or 60 min liquid exposure time. 5.4.2 Procedures A and B represent the originally established methods of liquid contact developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, where Procedure A involves the application of a test pressure (13.8 kPa [2 psig]) that has been found to discriminate the liquid barrier performance of materials, while a lower pressure (6.9 kPa [1 psig]) is used for Procedure B to accommodate materials that exhibit ballooning or extension when the 13.8 kPa (2 psig) pressure is applied. 8 , 9 Both procedures entail exposure of the specimen for 5 min at ambient pressure followed by 10 min of exposure of the specimen to the test pressure. 5.4.3 Procedure C was developed to account for potentially longer exposures where failure may also occur as the result of material or assembly degradation. Procedure C uses a 13.8 kPa (2 psig) test pressure for a portion of the test where the specimen is first exposed to the liquid at ambient pressure for 5 min, followed by 1 min at 13.8 kPa (2 psig), and continuing for 54 additional minutes at ambient pressure. 5.4.4 Procedure D involves the sequential increase of pressure from ambient (0 kPa [0 psig]) to 68.9 kPa (10 psig) in increments of 3.5 kPa (0.5 psig) in 1 min intervals until liquid penetration is observed at a specific test pressure. The time interval between changes in pressure is set at 1 min to coincide with the time of applied pressure in Procedure C. 5.4.5 Procedure E permits the test method user to specify the pressures and duration of the specimen’s exposure to the liquid. 5.5 Different results are reported by the different procedures. 5.5.1 Procedures A, B, and C results are reported as “pass” or “fail” for each replicate. Passing results indicate that no liquid penetration was observed over the duration of the test exposure. 5.5.2 Procedure D results are reported as the test pressure at which liquid penetration was observed for each replicate. 5.6 The choice of pressure/time sequence and type of test result are dependent on the objectives of the testing. 5.6.1 Procedure C is specified in several different National Fire Protection Association standards for establishing the minimum barrier performance of protective clothing materials, seams, and closures of first responder protective clothing. 5.6.2 Procedure D may be used when the pressure where penetration occurs is sought without a set pressure pass/fail criterion. Procedure D also has utility for assessing the robustness of protective clothing materials and assemblies as part of quality systems. It is also possible to use Procedure D to supplement the pass/fail results provided by Procedures A, B, and C. 5.6.3 Procedure E permits setting a specific sequence of pressure/time exposures based on the specific needs for the testing. 5.6.4 In this test method, a hydrostatic pressure is applied but does not necessarily correlate with a mechanical pressure against a semi-rigid or rigid surface. 5.6.5 It is recommended that a human factors investigation, hazard/risk exposure assessment, or similar study be conducted to determine the most suitable procedure for relating the choice of a specific procedure for measuring protective clothing material liquid penetration resistance to the intended protective performance of the clothing material. 5.7 This test method permits the use of a retaining screen for preventing the overextension of a specimen as pressure is applied. However, it is important that the selected retaining screen does not interfere with the observation of liquid penetration or affect the sealing of the specimen in the test cell. 5.8 A critical feature of the test is how the specimen is sealed in the test cell. Inadequate sealing of the specimen can lead to a false result (observed liquid penetration that is due to the method of sealing rather than penetration through the specimen). It is recommended that any special means used to seal specimens in the test cell be validated for providing sufficient integrity of the specimen in the test cell, for not contributing to specimen damage, and for not interfering with the observation of liquid penetration. Special means used to seal specimens in the test cell must be documented in the report. 5.8.1 The proper technique of sealing specimens can vary based on the physical and chemical properties of the liquid and/or material. 5.8.2 Two cell options for sealing are typically utilized. Option 1 contains most of the specimen perimeter clamped between two flat gaskets. Option 2 suspends the specimen perimeter completely outside the sealing means to allow any leaks the ability to drip off the specimen. Alternative methods are permitted as long as proper sealing is achieved. 5.8.2.1 Option 1 may be advantageous when the physical and chemical properties of the liquid and/or material make encapsulation of the outer perimeter of the specimen necessary, such as when both outer surfaces of the specimen are highly absorbent of the challenge liquid. Or, the surface tension of the challenge liquid is sufficiently low that any leak will effectively drain the liquid chamber within the test period. 5.8.2.2 Option 2 may be advantageous when seams and other planar imperfections make obtaining a flat seal difficult and at least one outer surface of the specimen is not highly absorbent of the challenge liquid. Note 2: A rough evaluation of absorbency or surface tension is the time for which a bead of liquid will remain on a given surface. 5.9 A minimum number of three test specimens is established for this test method. However, it is also appropriate to establish sampling plans based on a specific acceptable quality limit using a larger number of specimens, depending on the application of the test method. Potential sampling plans for this approach are found in MIL-STD-105E, ANSI/ASQC Z1.4, and ISO 2859-1. 5.10 This test method does not address the liquid penetration of full protective clothing or ensembles. Use Test Method F1359/F1359M to provide a complete evaluation of the liquid integrity of protective clothing or ensembles, particularly areas of the clothing or ensembles that cannot be directly assessed by this test method, such as interface areas between different items of clothing and equipment.