本文对膜系统的主要组成部分进行了综述，以期 评估运行和维护（O&M）影响。从原水质量的初步评估开始 以及所需的成品水质量，将评估反渗透和NF之间的选择 基于原水混合选项和给水，考虑资本和运营维护影响 压力差。膜系统内的特定组件将得到解决 包括预处理、物理和化学；膜选择、面积和 物理配置；高压泵类型、泵和电机效率；使用 高压泵上的变频驱动； 以及一般建筑材料和 阀门选择。正确的水力设计和流量平衡的重要性将得到强调 重点讨论了新型多港口船舶的应用及其影响 关于工厂的运营与维护。在膜工业中误用这一新发展可能会导致 通过多种方式显著影响工厂的生命周期成本，包括增加高成本 由于清洗不足，压力泵送能量和膜寿命缩短 通道将讨论其他主题，包括能量回收和仪器仪表以及 控制问题。最后，本文简要讨论了获取系统的替代采购方法，该系统旨在为用户提供最低的生命周期 成本膜厂。根据作者的个人经验得出的具体信息 业界也参与了讨论。包括5个参考文献，表1。

This paper presents a review of the major components of membrane systems with a view toward evaluating the operation and maintenance (O&M) impacts. Beginning with an initial assessment of raw water quality and desired finished water quality, the selection between RO vs. NF will be evaluated considering both capital and O&M implications based on raw water blend options and feed pressure differences. Specific components within the membrane system will be addressed including pre-treatment, physical and chemical; membrane selection, square footage and physical configurations; high pressure pump type, and pump and motor efficiencies; use of variable frequency drives on high pressure pumps; and general materials of construction and valve selection. The importance of proper hydraulic design and flow balancing will be discussed, with particular emphasis on the application of new multi-port vessels and their impact on the O&M of a plant. Misapplication of this new development in the membrane industry can significantly affect the life-cycle cost of a plant through several means including increased high pressure pumping energy and shortened membrane life as a result of inadequate cleaning access. Other topics will be addressed including energy recovery and instrumentation and controls issues. Finally, the paper includes a brief discussion on alternative procurement methods for obtaining a system designed to provide the user with the lowest life cycle cost membrane plant. Specific information developed from the authors' personal experience in the industry is incorporated in the discussions. Includes 5 references, table.