This article describes engineering studies that can be undertaken to address the dual problems of pipeline leakage and long-range planning for improving distribution systems. The following topics are discussed: listening surveys; flow rate measurements; water audits; field investigations of pipelines; population and consumption requirements upon a distribution system; pressure surveys and flow measurements; loss of head tests; and fire hydrant flow tests. The author states that the actual design of improvements to a distribution system is divided into two sections - the study and design relating to the main feed lines leading from the source of supply, and the study and design for improving the network of the distribution system.