根据目前可用的模型，供水企业很难准确预测铜（Cu）在饮用水中的释放。本研究使用热力学模型结合实验和现场数据分析铜、阴离子和阳离子的浓度。重点研究了铜管内壁铜垢的时效过程；沉淀和溶解被预测为这些鳞片老化的主要原因。此外，鳞片通常含有不止一种化合物——这一发现归因于温度变化、水成分的可变性、长期停滞期和老化。随着老化过程的进行，年轻鳞片的部分表面积可能会被沉积物覆盖和堵塞，以便进一步反应。 在长期停滞期间，pH值、氧气和二氧化碳浓度的变化以及钙固体的沉淀等因素可能会导致不同的铜化合物沉淀。pH值、碱度、硬度、温度、管道龄期和硫酸盐浓度等关键参数的数据可以使公用事业公司更好地预测饮用水中的铜释放。这反过来可能有助于供水商了解处理方案和不同成分水的混合如何影响铜释放到饮用水中，并最终影响滞水中铜的浓度。包括24个参考文献、表格和图表。

With models currently available, water utilities are hard-pressed to accurately predict copper (Cu) liberation to drinking water. This study used thermodynamic models in conjunction with experimental and field data to analyze concentrations of Cu, anions, and cations. Special attention was focused on the aging process of Cu scales on the inner walls of copper pipes; precipitation and dissolution were predicted as the main causes of aging for these scales. In addition, scales usually contained more than one compound - a finding that was attributed to temperature changes, variability of water composition, long stagnation periods, and aging. As the aging process proceeds, parts of a young scale's surface area may be covered and blocked for further reaction by a precipitate. During long stagnation periods, such factors as changes in pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide concentrations and precipitation of calcium solids may induce a different Cu compound precipitate. Data from key parameters such as pH, alkalinity, hardness, temperature, pipe age, and sulfate concentration can enable utilities to better predict Cu liberation to drinking water. This in turn may help water providers understand how treatment options and mixing of water of different composition affects the liberation of Cu to drinking water and, ultimately, the concentration of Cu in stagnant water. Includes 24 references, tables, figures.