1.1 这些做法包括在已知或怀疑含有低放射性废物的废物场地对土壤、土壤气体、污泥、地表水和地下水进行采样时使用的采样和非接触样本设备的去污。它还可用于净化修复活动期间使用的采样和重型施工设备。 1.2 本规程适用于已知或怀疑存在低放射性废物的场所。本规程也适用于在已知或可疑的超铀或混合废物中使用的设备在单独使用或与规程结合使用时的去污 D5088 . 1.3 本规程包含与样品基质接触的设备（接触样品的设备）和未接触样品但在使用过程中可能受到污染的辅助设备（非接触设备）的去污程序。对于样品接触设备，第节中有四个单独的程序（程序A到D） 8. . 对于非接触设备，第节介绍了一个程序 9 . 1.4 提醒用户适当的去污规划的重要性，以最大限度地减少产生的去污废物量，并减少或消除使用本身是危险材料的清洁剂。 质量保证/质量控制（QA/QC）放射性调查和记录去污效果的样本可用于修改或增强去污技术。 1.5 本规程适用于大多数由金属和硬质光滑合成材料制成的常规取样设备。由于去污困难，表面粗糙或多孔或吸附率高的材料不应用于放射性废物采样。 1.6 在定期进行采样的情况下，如对油井进行采样，如果在工具和设备去污过程中存在产生不良或不可管理废物副产品的合理担忧，或同时存在这两种担忧，则应考虑使用专用采样设备。 1.7 本规程不涉及人员保护或去污，或废物或样品的处理、标记、运输或储存的监管要求。具体的辐射释放要求和限制必须由用户根据当地、州和联邦法规确定。 1.8 其他司法管辖区可能有同等要求。例如，有关美国的更多信息，请参阅美国能源部（DOE）10 CFR第835部分和美国核管理委员会（NRC）10 CFR第20部分。 1.9 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.10 这种做法提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选择，并不建议采取具体行动。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断结合使用。并非本惯例的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准不代表或取代必须根据其判断给定专业服务的充分性的谨慎标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。 本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。 1.11 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全和健康实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 第节给出了具体的预防说明 6. . ====意义和用途====== 5.1 低成本工作的主要目标- 放射性废物处理场的作用是保护人员、防止污染扩散、最大限度地减少额外废物、保护样本数据质量以及无条件释放所用设备。 5.2 防止低放射性废物场址使用的设备受到污染，并净化受污染设备，是实现这些目标的关键方面。 5.3 本规程为防止污染的工作规划提供了指导，并在必要时为已被污染的设备去污提供了指导。 好处包括: 5.3.1 尽量减少现场内的污染扩散，并防止污染扩散到工作区域以外。 5.3.2 减少工人在工作期间的潜在暴露，并随后对设备进行净化。 5.3.3 尽量减少工作过程中产生的额外废物量，包括液体或混合废物，包括废物类型的分离，如防护服、清洁设备、清洁溶液、防护包装和窗帘。 5.3.4 提高样本数据的质量和可靠性。 5.3.5 根据总寿命周期成本选择设备，包括劳动力、废物、控制、处置、处理和额外的分析成本，例如使用专用或一次性设备，而不是在使用之间进行去污。 5.4 这种做法可能不适用于所有低放射性废物场址，例如含有与化学或活性废物混合的低放射性废物的场址。在经过培训的辐射控制专业人员的协助下，现场人员应能够灵活地修改去污程序，并适当考虑采样目标，或者如果过去的经验支持污染保护或去污的替代程序。 5.5 本规程不涉及低放射性废物处理人员的监测、保护或去污。 5.6 本惯例不涉及可能控制或限制工作的监管要求、许可证或监管批准的需要，或产生的废物的积累、处理或处置。 5.7 本规程未设定已净化设备的释放水平。应在质量保证/质量控制规划过程中提前确定发布级别。有关释放限值的指南，请参阅参考文件。 5.8 本规程不涉及废物或样品的处理、标记、运输或储存的监管要求。 5.9 去污过程应规划为使用侵蚀性最小的方法和材料，以尽量减少额外废物的产生，同时实现可接受的去污，同时尽量减少废物的产生。研究发现，通常可以避免使用化学品，使用压力清洗、蒸汽清洗或加热。 5.10 进行修复控制调查的做法可以减少达到净化释放水平所需的努力。

1.1 These practices cover the decontamination of sampling and non-sample contacting equipment used in the sampling of soils, soil gas, sludges, surface water and groundwater at waste sites known or suspected of containing low level radioactive wastes. It may also have application for decontamination of sampling and heavy construction equipment used during remediation activities. 1.2 This practice is applicable at sites where low level radioactive wastes are known or suspected to exist. This practice may also be applicable for the decontamination of equipment used in known or suspected transuranic, or mixed wastes when used by itself or in conjunction with Practice D5088 . 1.3 Procedures are contained in this practice for the decontamination of equipment that comes into contact with the sample matrix (sample contacting equipment), and for ancillary equipment that has not contacted the sample, but may have become contaminated during use (non-contacting equipment). For sample contacting equipment there are four separate procedures (Procedure A through D) in Section 8 . For non-contacting equipment, one procedure is presented as covered in Section 9 . 1.4 The user is reminded of the importance of proper decontamination planning to minimize the amount of decontamination wastes generated and to reduce or eliminate the use of cleaning agents that are themselves hazardous materials. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) radiological surveys and samples that document decontamination effectiveness can be used to modify or enhance decontamination techniques. 1.5 This practice is applicable to most conventional sampling equipment constructed of metallic and hard, smooth synthetic materials. Materials with rough or porous surfaces, or having a high sorption rate should not be used in radioactive waste sampling due to the difficulties with decontamination. 1.6 In those cases where sampling will be periodically performed, such as sampling of wells, consideration should be given to the use of dedicated sampling equipment if legitimate concerns exist for the production of undesirable or unmanageable waste byproducts, or both, during the decontamination of tools and equipment. 1.7 This practice does not address regulatory requirements for personnel protection or decontamination, or for the handling, labeling, shipping, or storing of wastes or samples. Specific radiological release requirements and limits must be determined by users in accordance with local, state and federal regulations. 1.8 Other jurisdictions may have equivalent requirements. For additional information in the United States, for example, see United States Department of Energy (DOE) 10 CFR Part 835 and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 10 CFR Part 20. 1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.10 This practice offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6 . ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The primary objectives of work at low-level radioactive waste sites are the protection of personnel, prevention of the spread of contamination, minimization of additional wastes, protection of sample data quality, and the unconditional release of equipment used. 5.2 Preventing the contamination of equipment used at low-level radioactive waste sites and the decontamination of contaminated equipment are key aspects of achieving these goals. 5.3 This practice provides guidance in the planning of work to prevent contamination and when necessary, for the decontamination of equipment that has become contaminated. The benefits include: 5.3.1 Minimizing the spread of contamination within a site and preventing the spread outside of the work area. 5.3.2 Reducing the potential exposure of workers during the work and the subsequent decontamination of equipment. 5.3.3 Minimizing the amounts of additional wastes generated during the work, including liquid, or mixed wastes, including separation of the waste types, such as protective clothing, cleaning equipment, cleaning solutions, and protective wraps and drapes. 5.3.4 Improving the quality of sample data and reliability. 5.3.5 Selecting equipment based on total life-cycle costs counting labor, waste, containment, disposal, treatment, and additional analytical costs, such as using dedicated or disposable equipment rather than decontaminating between uses. 5.4 This practice may not be applicable to all low-level radioactive waste sites, such as sites containing low-level radioactive wastes mixed with chemical or reactive wastes. Field personnel, with assistance from trained radiological control professionals, should have the flexibility to modify the decontamination procedures with due consideration for the sampling objectives, or if past experience supports alternative procedures for contamination protection or decontamination. 5.5 This practice does not address the monitoring, protection, or decontamination of personnel working with low-level radioactive wastes. 5.6 This practice does not address regulatory requirements that may control or restrict work, the need for permits or regulatory approvals, or the accumulation, handling, or disposal of generated wastes. 5.7 This practice does not set the release levels for equipment that has been decontaminated. Release levels are to be determined in advance in the QA/QC planning process. Guidance for release limits can be found in the reference documents. 5.8 This practice does not address the regulatory requirements for the handling, labeling, shipping, or storage of wastes or samples. 5.9 The decontamination process should be planned to use the least aggressive methods and materials to be used to minimize the generation of additional wastes while resulting in an acceptable decontamination while minimizing the generation of wastes. Studies have found that the use of chemicals can often be avoided, using pressure washes, steam cleaning, or the use of applied heat. 5.10 The practice of performing remediation control surveys can decrease the effort required to achieve decontamination release levels.