Based on paper evaluation using water treatment plant simulation models and the City's
hydraulic model, conversion of the existing filters to filter adsorbers were found to be the most
appropriate process improvements to comply with upcoming Stage 2 D/DBP Rule. The media in
these filter adsorbers are expected to be replaced at certain intervals to achieve adequate
precursor removal by adsorption and biodegradation. The City will also consider the inclusion
of ozonation in its treatment process to minimize granular activated carbon (GAC) replacement frequency. Subsequent
phases of the study focused on further refinement of the filter adsorber design criteria through
pilot-scale studies. Results of the pilot scale studies were utilized to determine an itemized cost
estimate for the process improvements. The City is currently in the process of demonstrating the
performance of filter adsorber on a full-scale basis. A comprehensive approach to water process
planning for compliance with upcoming D/DBP regulations is presented. Includes tables, figures.