在德国和奥地利，紫外线（UV）消毒在80年代用于小型供水系统 作为一种简单的无化学品技术，并作为一种大型水系统的消毒技术 无氯化副产物。 但在那个时候，关于需要多少紫外线剂量才能确保足够的辐射量，我们一无所知 消毒，以及如何监测足够的紫外线剂量。通常的假设是: 滞留时间（流速除以反应器体积）乘以末端假定的紫外线强度 灯的使用寿命（根据距灯约2英寸的距离计算）应介于150到150之间 250焦耳/平方米（即15和25兆焦耳/平方厘米）。灯寿命的结束取决于以下两种假设: 10000小时或1年，或者，如果安装了光强监测器，达到50%到60% 安装新灯后调整为100%的初始强度。 这种做法使大多数卫生当局不允许在公共供水中进行紫外线消毒。 为了克服这种情况，德国开展了两个关于使用紫外线的先决条件的联合研究项目 1987年至1994年对饮用水进行了辐射消毒。由律师建议 由来自卫生部门、大学卫生、化学和技术研究所的25名专家组成的小组， 以及主要的供水商，该项目的结果是，消毒性能良好 紫外线系统: 必须确保在253,7 nm辐射的基础上，达到400 J/m^2（=40 mJ/cm^2）的通量，以使其失活 所有相关的水性微生物和病毒超过4个日志（可复制 测定紫外线敏感性需要均匀的平行光束照射 在皮氏培养皿中）； 取决于水质、成分和设计； 需要在最坏的操作条件下，对特定紫外线敏感性的接种微生物进行全面挑战性试验（计算只能建模，但不能充分检测） 辐照体积部分）； 需要可重复的物理监测，以确保挑战性试验条件 在使用过程中维护（传感器端口中的可拆卸标准化在线紫外线传感器 通过与便携式参考紫外线传感器进行比较，检查读数是否正确）。为了使水供应商和卫生当局能够接受紫外线消毒，这项研究 必须建立: 紫外线系统性能和性能测试的国家标准； 在线监测概念，允许验证正常运行（与 常规消毒法测定余氯； 验证性能和监控的测试设施； 和 跟踪认证系统质量的认证机构。 根据这些要求，德国DVGW标准W 294于1997年发布 在瓦恩巴赫建立了紫外线消毒系统的DVGW测试设施 波恩附近的水库协会。测试设施能够运行全尺寸生物剂量学 对容量高达20 mgd（3000 m3/h）的紫外线系统进行挑战性测试。此外，一个 开发了标准化的监测传感器，并将其作为行业标准。包括6个参考文献、表格、图表。

In Germany and Austria ultraviolet (UV) disinfection was used in the '80s for small water systems as a simple chemical free technology, and for large water systems as a disinfection technique without chlorination byproducts. But at that time, nothing was known about how much UV dose was needed to insure sufficient disinfection, and how sufficient UV dose could be monitored. The usual assumption was: detention time (flow rate divided by reactor volume) times assumed UV intensity at the end of lamp life time (calculated for some 2 inch distance from lamp) should lie between 150 and 250 J/m^2 (i.e. 15 and 25 mJ/cm^2). End of lamp life was determined either by an assumption of 10,000 hours or 1 year, or, if a light intensity monitor was installed, when reaching 50 to 60% of the initial intensity that was adjusted to 100% after mounting the new lamps. This practice kept most health authorities from allowing UV-disinfection in public water supply. To overcome this situation two German joint research projects on prerequisites to use ultraviolet radiation for drinking water disinfection were carried out from 1987 to 1994. Advised by a panel of 25 experts from health authorities, university institutes on hygiene, chemistry and technology, and major water suppliers, the project resulted in the findings, that disinfection performance of UV-systems: must insure a fluence of 400 J/m^2 (= 40 mJ/cm^2) based on radiation of 253,7 nm to inactivate all relevant waterborne micro-organisms and viruses to more than 4 logs (reproducible determination of UV susceptibility requires a homogeneous parallel beam irradiation in Petri dishes); depends on water quality, components and design; needs full scale challenge tests under worst case operation conditions with seeding microorganisms of specific UV susceptibility, (calculation can only model but not detect insufficiently irradiated volume parts); requires reproducible physical monitoring that insures challenge test conditions are maintained during use (removable standardized online UV sensors in sensor ports, that allow checking for proper reading by comparison to portable reference UV-sensors). To make UV disinfection acceptable for water suppliers and health authorities, it was necessary to establish: a national standard on properties and performance testing for UV systems; an online monitoring concept that allows verification of proper operation (comparable to the determination of residual chlorine with conventional disinfection); a testing facility to certify performance and monitoring; and, a certification body to keep track of quality of certified systems. According to these requirements, the German DVGW Standard W 294 was released in 1997 and the DVGW Test Facility for UV Disinfection Systems was established at the Wahnbach Reservoir Association near Bonn. The test facility is able to run full scale biodosimetric challenge tests of UV-systems with up to 20 mgd (3000 m^3/h) capacity. Furthermore, a standardized monitoring sensor was developed and adopted as industry standard. Includes 6 references, tables, figures.