1.1 本指南旨在为化学实验室经理、化学实验室安全专员和其他相关工作人员提供有关以无害环境的方式安全处置少量实验室废物的指南。本指南适用于产生少量化学或有毒废物的实验室。通常，此类任务包括但不限于:分析化学、过程控制和研究或生命科学实验室。不可能处理所有类型实验室的所有废物。本指南旨在解决更常见的实验室废物流。 1.2 本指南主要旨在支持遵守美国的环境法律；然而，本文包含的信息对其他地缘政治管辖区的实验室可能有用。其中一些法律规定，经环境保护局（EPA）批准，各州可以接管空气质量或天然水质量的监管。 其他事项，如实验室废物跟踪、作为生活垃圾处理以及下水道的使用，由全国的州、地方或供应商负责处理。例如空气洗涤器服务、市政下水道系统、市政和私人垃圾服务以及处理、储存或处置设施（TSD）。遗憾的是，任何一个来源都不可能提供实验室遵守所有法规所需的所有信息。为了确保合规性，实验室经理必须与所有四个级别的监管机构进行沟通。 1.3 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.4 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 “独立”实验室很少产生或处理大量有害物质。然而，这些物质的安全处理和处置仍然令人担忧。自1976年颁布《资源保护和恢复法》（RCRA）以来，人们更加关注此类材料的正确处理和处置。各州可能会采用比RCRA要求更严格的要求。为了跟踪这一点，美国环保局将州监管语言分类为:( 1. )授权( 2. )程序/执行( 3. )范围更广，以及( 4. )未经授权，并在《联邦公报》中发布关于前三项的通知。 4.2 实验室管理层应指定一个人负责废物处理，并必须审查RCRA指南，特别是: 40 CFR 261.3-危险废物的定义， 40 CFR 261.33-列为危险物质的特定物质， 40 CFR 262发电机要求和除外条款，以及适当的运输和显示程序。 4.3 由于许多实验室员工可能参与实验室化学品和样品的正确处理和处置，因此建议设计一个安全和培训计划，并向所有人介绍在处理和处置指定实验室废物时应遵循的程序。美国环保局要求提供该建议（40 CFR 265.16）。对于包装和运输的人员，DOT（49 CFR 172）也要求对危险品托运人进行培训。 203). 5. 4.4 如果可行且经济可行，建议所有实验室废物在内部回收、再利用或处置。然而，如果情况并非如此，则会提出其他替代方案。本指南仅作为化学实验室废物分类、分离和处置的建议组织方法。一所大学可以建立自己的化学品分销商，接受各系的订单，以经济的数量订购，按比例的散装价格加上费用销售，并收回未使用的物品。有关大学中心设施的示例，请参阅佛蒙特大学网站，以最大限度地减少过度订购、在使用之间存储化学包装以及处理危险废物(http://www.uvm.edu/safety/lab/waste). 4.5 实验室样品的处理，特别是从特定来源大量收到的样品，通常可以通过将材料返回给原始人进行处理，并可能与大量相同材料结合进行回收或处置来实现。 危险废物（包括样品）的装运受RCRA法规的约束，该法规不适用于类似但不类似废物的装运。收到时不是废物、未被污染或未被标记为废物的样品在退回时不必是废物。 4.6 少量发电机除外（40 CFR 261.5）适用于某些实验室（每月产生少于100 kg，约25 gal液体的实验室）。需要注意的是，并不是每个州都允许在此数量内排除少量。即便如此，专业实验室经理/主管及其雇主必须平衡( 1. )保护人类健康和环境免受少量危险废物潜在管理不当的不利影响( 2. )需要在合理和实际的限度内，根据RCRA管理这些废物的行政和经济负担。 此外，所有实验室主管应了解当前的地方、州和联邦法规，以及特定的危险废物管理设施标准。一些学术实验室制定了特殊规则；见40 CFR 262.100-108。可以提供商业服务，以方便互联网访问这些法规，甚至提醒用户这些法规中选定部分的变化。 6.

1.1 This guide is intended to provide the chemical laboratory manager, chemical laboratory safety officer, and other relevant staff with guidelines for the disposal of small quantities of laboratory wastes safely and in an environmentally sound manner. This guide is applicable to laboratories that generate small quantities of chemical or toxic wastes. Generally, such tasks include, but are not limited to: analytical chemistry, process control, and research or life science laboratories. It would be impossible to address the disposal of all waste from all types of laboratories. This guide is intended to address the more common laboratory waste streams. 1.2 This guide is primarily intended to support compliance with environmental laws in the United States of America; however, the information contained herein can be useful to laboratories in other geopolitical jurisdictions. Some of these laws provide for states to take over regulation of air quality or natural water quality with the approval of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other matters, such as laboratory waste tracking, disposal as household garbage, and use of sewers, are handled at the state, local, or provider level throughout the country. Examples of providers are air scrubber services, municipal sewer systems, municipal and private garbage services, and treatment, storage, or disposal facilities (TSD). Unfortunately, it is not possible for any one source to provide all the information necessary for laboratories to comply with all regulations. To ensure compliance, the laboratory manager must communicate with regulators at all four levels. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 “Stand-alone” laboratories rarely generate or handle large volumes of hazardous substances. However, the safe handling and disposal of these substances is still a matter of concern. Since the promulgation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, more attention has been given to the proper handling and disposal of such materials. States may adopt more stringent requirements than required under RCRA. To keep track of this, EPA classifies state regulatory language as: ( 1 ) authorized, ( 2 ) procedural/enforcement, ( 3 ) broader in scope, and ( 4 ) unauthorized, and it publishes notices concerning the first three in the Federal Register. 4.2 Laboratory management should designate an individual who will be responsible for waste disposal and must review the RCRA guidelines, in particular: 40 CFR 261.3—definition of a hazardous waste, 40 CFR 261.33—specific substances listed as hazardous, 40 CFR 262—generator requirements and exclusions, and proper shipping and manifesting procedures. 4.3 Because many laboratory employees could be involved in the proper treatment and disposal of laboratory chemicals and samples, it is recommended that a safety and training program be designed and presented to all regarding procedures to follow in the treatment and disposal of designated laboratory wastes. This recommendation is required in the United States by the EPA (40 CFR 265.16). For those who pack and ship, Hazardous Materials Shipper training is also required by DOT (49 CFR 172.203). 5 4.4 If practical and economically feasible, it is recommended that all laboratory waste be either recovered, re-used, or disposed of in-house. However, should this not be the case, other alternatives are presented. This guide is intended only as a suggested organized method for classification, segregation, and disposal of chemical laboratory waste. A university can set up its own chemical distributor to take orders from departments, order in economical quantities, sell at prorated bulk price plus expenses, and take back what is unused. For an example of a university central facility for minimizing over-ordering, storing chemical packages between uses, and disposing of hazardous wastes, see the University of Vermont website (http://www.uvm.edu/safety/lab/waste). 4.5 The handling of laboratory samples, especially those received in large numbers or quantities from a specific source, can often be accommodated by returning the material to the originator for processing and potentially combining with larger quantities of the same material for recycling or disposal. Shipments of hazardous waste, including samples, are subject to RCRA regulations that do not apply to shipments of what is similar but not waste-like. A sample that was not a waste as received, and has not been contaminated or labeled as waste, need not be a waste when it is returned. 4.6 The small quantity generator exclusion (40 CFR 261.5) applies to some laboratories (those which generate less than 100 kg per month, ~25 gal liquid). It is important to note that not every state allows the small quantity exclusion in this amount. Even so, the professional laboratory manager/supervisor and their employers must balance the importance of ( 1 ) protecting human health and the environment from the adverse impact of potential mismanagement of small quantities of hazardous waste with ( 2 ) the need to hold the administrative and economic burden of management of these wastes under RCRA within reasonable and practical limits. Additionally, all lab supervisors should be aware of current local, state, and federal regulations, and of specific hazardous waste management facility criteria. Special rules have been made for some academic laboratories; see 40 CFR 262.100-108. Commercial services to facilitate Internet access to the regulations, and even to alert users to changes in chosen parts of these regulations, are available. 6