1.1 本规程旨在帮助选择吸附剂和环境取样和分析程序 ( 1. ) , 2. 室内的 ( 2. ) 、和工作场所 ( 3. , 4. ) 各种常见挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的大气。它也可用于测量小型或全尺寸环境室中材料的排放量，或用于人体暴露评估。 1.2 这一做法基于将空气中的VOCs吸附到选定的吸附剂或吸附剂组合上。取样空气通过含有一种或一系列吸附剂的管道（泵送取样）或在受控条件下扩散到管道取样端的吸附剂表面（扩散或被动取样）。随后通过热脱附回收吸附的VOCs，并通过毛细管气相色谱法进行分析。 1.3 本规程适用于与热脱附兼容的三种基本类型的采样器:( 1. )含有一种或多种吸附剂的泵吸吸附剂管；( 2. )轴向被动（扩散）采样器（通常具有与标准泵吸吸附剂管相同的物理尺寸，且仅包含一个吸附剂）；以及( 3. )径向被动（扩散）采样器。 1.4 本规程推荐了许多吸附剂，这些吸附剂可以装在吸附剂管中，用于气相有机化学品的取样；包括挥发性和半挥发性有机化合物，一般来说，其沸点在0 °C至400 °C（第15页 kPa至0.01 25时的kPa °C）。 1.5 该实践可用于在宽浓度范围内测量这些有机化合物的空气蒸气。 1.5.1 在泵送取样的情况下，本规程可用于浓度范围约为0的VOCs气载蒸气的特定测量。 1μg/m 3. 至1 g/m 3. ，对于1中的单个有机化合物 L至10 L空气样本。当使用经过验证的程序和适当的质量控制措施时，可以进行定量测量。 1.5.2 对于轴向扩散取样，本规程适用于浓度范围约为100µg/m的挥发性有机化合物的气载蒸汽的指定测量 3. 至100 mg/m 3. 暴露时间为8小时或1µg/m的单个有机化合物 3. 至1 mg/m 3. 对于单独的有机化合物，暴露时间为四周。 1.5.3 对于径向扩散取样，本规程适用于浓度范围约为5µg/m的挥发性有机化合物的气载蒸汽的测量 3. 至5 mg/m 3. 对于单独的有机化合物，暴露时间为1至6小时。 1.5.4 有用范围的上限几乎总是由气相色谱柱和检测器的线性动态范围或所用分析仪器的样品分离能力设定。 1.5.5 有效范围的下限取决于检测器的噪声水平和吸附剂管上分析物或干扰伪影（或两者）的空白水平。 1.6 该程序可用于个人和固定地点取样。它不能用于测量浓度的瞬时或短期波动。使用罐式空气采样器的替代“抓取取样”程序（例如，试验方法 D5466型 )可适用于监测空气浓度的瞬时或短期波动。现场测量的替代方案包括但不限于气相色谱法、实时质谱检测器和红外光谱法。 1.7 抽样方法给出了时间加权平均结果。 1.8 以国际单位制表示的值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他测量单位。 1.9 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.10 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《国际标准、指南和建议制定原则决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 5.1 本规程推荐用于测量环境、室内和工作场所大气中VOCs的浓度。它还可用于测量小型或全尺寸环境室中材料的排放，以进行材料排放测试或人体暴露评估。 5.2 环境空气中的此类测量非常重要，因为已知挥发性有机化合物作为臭氧前体，在某些情况下（例如苯）作为有毒污染物。 5.3 室内空气中的此类测量非常重要，因为VOCs与室内环境中的空气质量问题有关，特别是与病态建筑综合症和建筑材料排放有关。许多挥发性有机化合物有可能导致室内环境中的空气质量问题，在某些情况下，有毒VOCs在家庭或工作场所大气中的浓度可能会升高，从而引发对人类暴露和不利健康影响的严重担忧 ( 5. ) . 5.4 由于许多此类化合物具有已知的毒性作用，因此在工作场所空气中进行此类测量非常重要。 注1: 虽然工作场所空气监测传统上使用一次性吸附剂管进行，通常用木炭填充，并在GC分析之前使用化学解吸（溶剂萃取）进行提取，例如遵循NIOSH和OSHA参考方法，但常规热解吸（TD）技术最初是专为该应用领域开发的。TD克服了溶剂萃取固有的分析物稀释限制，将方法检测限提高了2或3个数量级，使方法更容易自动化。相关的国际标准方法包括ISO 16017-1和ISO 16017-2。有关分析热脱附发展的详细历史以及与溶剂萃取方法的比较，请参阅参考文献 ( 6. ) . 5.5 为了保护整个环境，特别是人类健康，经常需要对空气质量进行测量，并根据强制性要求对其进行评估。 5.6 吸附剂、取样方法和分析方法的选择会影响单个VOCs的吸附、回收和量化效率。这种做法对于在空气中发现的任何GC兼容的气相有机化合物，在广泛的挥发性和浓度水平范围内都可能有效。然而，用户有责任确保每种测量的取样、回收、分析和总体质量控制在相关特定VOC的可接受范围内。本评估指南是本实践范围的一部分。

1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient ( 1 ) , 2 indoor ( 2 ) , and workplace ( 3 , 4 ) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment. 1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. 1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: ( 1 ) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; ( 2 ) axial passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and ( 3 ) radial passive (diffusive) samplers. 1.4 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes for use in the sampling of vapor-phase organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds which, generally speaking, boil in the range 0 °C to 400 °C (v.p. 15 kPa to 0.01 kPa at 25 °C). 1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of airborne vapors of these organic compounds over a wide concentration range. 1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a concentration range of approximately 0.1 μg/m 3 to 1 g/m 3 , for individual organic compounds in 1 L to 10 L air samples. Quantitative measurements are possible when using validated procedures with appropriate quality control measures. 1.5.2 With axial diffusive sampling, this practice is valid for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of volatile organic compounds in a concentration range of approximately 100 µg/m 3 to 100 mg/m 3 for individual organic compounds for an exposure time of 8 h or 1 µg/m 3 to 1 mg/m 3 for individual organic compounds for an exposure time of four weeks. 1.5.3 With radial diffusive sampling, this practice is valid for the measurement of airborne vapors of volatile organic compounds in a concentration range of approximately 5 µg/m 3 to 5 mg/m 3 for individual organic compounds for exposure times of one to six hours. 1.5.4 The upper limit of the useful range is almost always set by the linear dynamic range of the gas chromatograph column and detector, or by the sample splitting capability of the analytical instrumentation used. 1.5.5 The lower limit of the useful range depends on the noise level of the detector and on blank levels of analyte or interfering artifacts (or both) on the sorbent tubes. 1.6 This procedure can be used for personal and fixed location sampling. It cannot be used to measure instantaneous or short-term fluctuations in concentration. Alternative ‘grab sampling’ procedures using canister air samplers (for example, Test Method D5466 ) may be suitable for monitoring instantaneous or short term fluctuations in air concentration. Alternatives for on-site measurement include, but are not limited to, gas chromatography, real-time mass spectrometry detectors and infrared spectrometry. 1.7 The sampling method gives a time-weighted average result. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 This practice is recommended for use in measuring the concentration of VOCs in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers for material emission testing or human exposure assessment. 5.2 Such measurements in ambient air are of importance because of the known role of VOCs as ozone precursors, and in some cases (for example, benzene), as toxic pollutants in their own right. 5.3 Such measurements in indoor air are of importance because of the association of VOCs with air quality problems in indoor environments, particularly in relation to sick building syndrome and emissions from building materials. Many volatile organic compounds have the potential to contribute to air quality problems in indoor environments and in some cases toxic VOCs may be present at such elevated concentrations in home or workplace atmospheres as to prompt serious concerns over human exposure and adverse health effects ( 5 ) . 5.4 Such measurements in workplace air are of importance because of the known toxic effects of many such compounds. Note 1: While workplace air monitoring has traditionally been carried out using disposable sorbent tubes, typically packed with charcoal and extracted using chemical desorption (solvent extraction) prior to GC analysis – for example following NIOSH and OSHA reference methods – routine thermal desorption (TD) technology was originally developed specifically for this application area. TD overcomes the inherent analyte dilution limitation of solvent extraction improving method detection limits by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude and making methods easier to automate. Relevant international standard methods include ISO 16017-1 and ISO 16017-2. For a detailed history of the development of analytical thermal desorption and a comparison with solvent extraction methods see Ref ( 6 ) . 5.5 In order to protect the environment as a whole and human health in particular, it is often necessary to take measurements of air quality and assess them in relation to mandatory requirements. 5.6 The choices of sorbents, sampling method, and analytical methodology affect the efficiency of sorption, recovery, and quantification of individual VOCs. This practice is potentially effective for any GC-compatible vapor-phase organic compound found in air, over a wide range of volatilities and concentration levels. However, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the sampling, recovery, analysis, and overall quality control of each measurement are within acceptable limits for each specific VOC of interest. Guidance for this evaluation is part of the scope of this practice.