1.1 这些数字参考图像说明了截面厚度高达2英寸（50.8mm）的铸钢件中出现的各种类型、类型和严重程度的不连续性。数字参考图像是本标准的附件，如果需要，必须单独从ASTM国际采购（见2.3） 1.2 . 注1: 这些参考图像的应用基础要求事先获得第节所述的射线照相检查属性和验收标准的买方和供应商协议 4. , 6. 和 7. 本标准。 1.2 这些数字参考图像由三个单独的卷组成（请参见 注2 )如下:（I）中压（标称250 kV）X射线，（II）1-MV X射线和铱-192辐射，以及（III）2-MV至4-MV X射线以及钴-60辐射。除非买卖双方协议中另有规定（见 1.1 )，每个体积仅用于与辐射能级在本标准涵盖的厚度范围内产生的生产数字图像进行比较。每卷包括六类严重程度不断增加的分级不连续性和四类未分级不连续。提供包含未分级不连续性的参考图像，作为识别不需要严重级别的特定铸造不连续性类型的指南。 以下是本标准附属数字参考图像的不连续类别、类型和严重程度列表: 1.2.1 A类 –气体孔隙度；严重级别1到5。 1.2.2 B类 –夹砂和夹渣；严重级别1到5。 1.2.3 C类 –收缩；4种类型: 1.2.3.1 Ca–线性收缩 –严重级别1至5。 1.2.3.2 Cb–羽状收缩 –严重级别1至5。 1.2.3.3 Cc–海绵收缩 –严重级别1至5。 1.2.3.4 Cd–线性、羽状和海绵收缩的组合– 严重级别1至5。 1.2.4 D类 –裂缝；1图。 1.2.5 E类 –热撕裂；1图。 1. 2.6 F类 –插入；1图。 1.2.7 G类 –斑点；1图。（参见 注3 .) 注2: 数字参考图像包括以下内容: 第一卷:中压（标称250 kVp）X射线参考图像 –一套34幅插图。 第二卷:1-MV X射线和铱192参考图像 –一套34幅插图。 第三卷:2-MV至4-MV X射线和钴-60参考图像 –一套34幅插图。 注3: 尽管所有三卷都列出了G类——斑点，但斑点的外观取决于辐射能量的水平。斑点在第一卷中显得相当突出；然而，由于较高的辐射能级，斑点在第二卷和第三卷中可能不明显。 1.3 本标准的所有领域都可以在认可的工程组织和供应商之间达成协议，或接受认可工程组织的具体指导。这些项目应在采购订单或合同中说明。 1.4 这些数字参考图像并非用于说明在进行胶片射线照相时，厚度达2英寸（50.8 mm）的钢铸件中发现的不连续性的类型和程度。如果对厚度达2 in.（50.8 mm）的钢铸件进行胶片射线照相，请参考参考射线照相 第146页 . 1.5 只有软件和图像的许可副本才能用于生产检查。 ASTM/用户许可协议的副本应存档，以供审核。（参见 注释4 .) 注4: 每卷数字参考图像由7个数字数据文件、加载所需格式的软件和加载过程的具体说明组成。每个卷中的34幅参考图像说明了六类分级不连续性和四类未分级不连续，并包含阶梯楔的图像。可从ASTM国际总部获得，订单号:RRE286801（第一卷）、RRE286802（第二卷）和RRE286803（第三卷）。 1.6 单位- 以英寸-磅单位表示的值应视为标准值。括号中给出的值是对SI单位的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准值。 1.7 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.8 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《国际标准、指南和建议制定原则决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 4.1 根据本标准使用参考射线照片的人员应有资格根据国家或国际公认的无损检测人员资格实践或标准进行射线照相判读，并经雇主或认证机构（如适用）认证。 所使用的实践或标准及其适用修订应在使用方之间的合同协议中确定。如果需要帮助解释适用于参考射线照片的规范和产品要求，则在做出接受/拒绝决定之前，应咨询经认证的III级人员（如果III级人员是射线照相口译员，则可能是同一个人）。 4.2 分级参考图像旨在提供一种指南，能够识别典型制造过程中可能遇到的特定铸件不连续类型和相对严重程度。提供包含未分级不连续性的参考图像，作为识别不需要严重级别的特定铸造不连续性类型的指南。 这些参考图像旨在作为制造商和买方根据双方协议选择特定不连续性等级作为代表最低可接受水平的标准的依据（见第节 6. 和 7. ). 4.3 当确定适用于铸造服务应用时，本标准所代表的参考图像可用于本标准范围之外的能级、厚度或两者，如买方与供应商协议中所约定。 4.4 第节规定了使用本标准适用参考图像评估生产图像的程序 8. ; 然而，可能存在涉及特定铸造服务应用的制造买方问题，其中可能需要修改或更改此类要求。 如果此类修改适用于铸造应用，则所有此类修改应在采购商-供应商协议或合同文件中明确规定。部分 9 说明了可能需要进行焊接修复的买方和供应商的要求。 4.5 认可的工程组织和供应商之间应达成协议，即供应商使用的系统能够检测和分类所需的不连续性。

1.1 These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. (50.8 mm). The digital reference images are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.3). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these digital reference images are described in 1.2 . Note 1: The basis of application for these reference images requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and acceptance criteria as described in Sections 4 , 6 , and 7 of this standard. 1.2 These digital reference images consist of three separate volumes (see Note 2 ) as follows: (I) medium voltage (nominal 250-kV) X-rays, (II) 1-MV X-rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and (III) 2-MV to 4-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60 radiation. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1 ), each volume is for comparison only with production digital images produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of six categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity level and four categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference images containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. The following is a list of discontinuity categories, types, and severity levels for the adjunct digital reference images of this standard: 1.2.1 Category A – Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5. 1.2.2 Category B – Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5. 1.2.3 Category C – Shrinkage; 4 types: 1.2.3.1 Ca–linear shrinkage – Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.2.3.2 Cb–feathery shrinkage – Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.2.3.3 Cc–sponge shrinkage – Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.2.3.4 Cd–combinations of linear, feathery, and sponge shrinkage – Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.2.4 Category D –Crack; 1 illustration. 1.2.5 Category E –Hot Tear; 1 illustration. 1.2.6 Category F –Insert; 1 illustration. 1.2.7 Category G –Mottling; 1 illustration. (See Note 3 .) Note 2: The digital reference images consist of the following: Volume I: Medium Voltage (nominal 250-kVp) X-Ray Reference Images – Set of 34 illustrations. Volume II: 1-MV X-Rays and Iridium-192 Reference Images – Set of 34 illustrations. Volume III: 2-MV to 4-MV X-Rays and Cobalt-60 Reference Images – Set of 34 illustrations. Note 3: Although Category G – Mottling is listed for all three volumes, the appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy. Mottling appears reasonably prominent in Volume I; however, because of the higher radiation energy levels mottling may not be apparent in Volume II nor Volume III. 1.3 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract. 1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in steel castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of steel castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness, refer to Reference Radiographs E446 . 1.5 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes. (See Note 4 .) Note 4: Each volume of digital reference images consists of 7 digital data files, software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The 34 reference images in each volume illustrate six categories of graded discontinuities and four categories of ungraded discontinuities and contain an image of a step wedge. Available from ASTM International Headquarters, Order No: RRE286801 for Volume I, RRE286802 for Volume II, and RRE286803 for Volume III. 1.6 Units— The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Personnel utilizing reference radiographs to this standard shall be qualified to perform radiographic interpretation in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties. If assistance is needed with interpreting specifications and product requirements as applied to the reference radiographs, a certified Level III shall be consulted before accept/reject decisions are made (if the Level III is the radiographic interpreter, this may be the same person). 4.2 Graded reference images are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference images containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. These reference images are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7 ). 4.3 Reference images represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses, or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. 4.4 Procedures for evaluation of production images using applicable reference images of this standard are prescribed in Section 8 ; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites for where weld repairs may be required. 4.5 Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the supplier is capable of detecting and classifying the required discontinuities.