Feasibility of energy recovery device applications depends on flow rate and pressure of the
concentrate stream. This paper describes common and more advanced solutions for
optimization of energy consumption in nanofiltration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO) systems, either through configuration of the
NF/RO systems or by incorporation of energy recovery devices. Features of various types of
commercial energy recovery equipment are discussed. Energy saving examples are
provided utilizing actual installations for each type of application. Includes 2 references, tables, figures.