Orange County Water District（OCWD）在Fountain开始运营21号水厂 1976年，加利福尼亚州硅谷，在反渗透（RO）之前使用三级预处理工艺 回收奥兰治县环卫区的二级污水。既然 水厂21的使用寿命即将结束，OCWD正在计划 地下水补给（GWR）系统作为其替代品。GWR系统将 使用微滤（MF）作为RO的预处理，然后进行紫外线（UV）照射。 作为该项目的一部分，OCWD一直在测试薄膜复合反渗透膜，以 使其符合GWR系统的要求，该系统的反渗透能力为70 mgd。 此外，OCWD还测试了低污染膜，以确定它们是否能够提供 对项目的额外好处。 与OCWD类似的西盆地市政水区（WBMWD）已被纳入 已安装常规预处理系统的复垦前沿，包括 1995年，在RO之前进行石灰澄清、再碳化和过滤，以补充 海水入侵屏障。此后，WBMWD成为第一个安装 用于处理注射用二级废水的全尺寸MF和RO设施 进入El.West Basin水回收厂的海水入侵屏障 1997年7月，加利福尼亚州塞贡多。自那时以来，WBMWD继续扩大其业务范围 水回收和再循环设施，并安装了三个额外的MF/RO 总容量约为25 mgd的系统。自安装 在现有的MF/RO系统中，WBMWD继续执行额外的RO 膜先导试验，以确定膜的运行参数和特性 膜。WBMWD一直在寻找下一种可以提供 更低的运营成本，更好的抗盐性。 这两个机构最近都进行了独立研究，以确定 膜将投放市场，声称具有低污染或耐污染性 膜，实际上实现了更好的运行特性和更低的运行成本 压力比以前的薄膜复合膜大。2001-2002年，OCWD进行了测试 奥兰治县二级出水微滤处理中的三种低污染膜 卫生区。2001-2002年，WBMWD在一项研究资助下运营了两个项目 不同的低污染膜并行运行七个月；比较 这些膜与常规薄膜复合膜在表面上的性能 全面的MF/RO设施。 本文重点介绍了OCWD和WBMWD，以及这两个机构继续试点的原因 在项目完成前后对反渗透膜进行测试。报纸 这两个机构的测试结果表明 污染膜的工作压力低于之前的操作压力 膜。此外，本文还重点讨论了污垢的差异 两种不同废水源的反渗透膜特性。包括2个参考文献、表格和图表。

Orange County Water District (OCWD) began operation of Water Factory 21 in Fountain Valley, California in 1976, which uses a three stage pretreatment process ahead of reverse osmosis (RO) to reclaim secondary effluent from the Orange County Sanitation District. Now that Water Factory 21 is nearing the end of its useful life, OCWD is planning the Groundwater Replenishment (GWR) System as its replacement. The GWR System will use microfiltration (MF) as pretreatment to RO followed by Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation. As part of the project, OCWD has been testing thin film composite RO membranes to qualify them for the GWR System, which will have a RO capacity of 70 mgd. Additionally, OCWD has tested low fouling membranes to determine if they would offer additional benefits to the project. West Basin Municipal Water District (WBMWD), similar to OCWD, has been in the forefront of reclamation having installed a conventional pretreatment system including lime clarification, recarbonation and filtration ahead of RO in 1995 for supplementing the seawater intrusion barrier. Subsequent to that, WBMWD was the first agency to install full-scale MF and RO facilities for treating secondary wastewater effluent for injection into the seawater intrusion barrier at the West Basin Water Recycling Plant in El Segundo, CA in July 1997. Since that time, WBMWD has continued to expand their water reclamation and recycling facilities and have installed three additional MF/RO systems with a combined capacity of approximately 25 mgd. Since the installation of the existing MF/RO systems, WBMWD has continued to perform additional RO membrane pilot tests to determine the operating parameters and characteristics of the membranes. WBMWD is continually looking for the next membranes that will offer lower operating costs with better salt rejection. Both agencies recently conducted independent studies to determine if the latest RO membranes to hit the market, which claimed to be low fouling or fouling resistant membranes, actually achieved better operating characteristics and lower operating pressures than previous thin film composite membranes. In 2001-2002, OCWD tested three low fouling membranes on microfiltered secondary effluent from Orange County Sanitation District. In 2001-2002, WBMWD under a research grant, operated two different low fouling membranes in parallel for a period of seven months; and compared the performance of these membranes with regular thin film composite membranes on full-scale MF/RO facilities. This paper focuses on OCWD and WBMWD and why both agencies continue to pilot test RO membranes before and after their projects are completed. The paper addresses the results of the testing from both agencies, which have shown that the low fouling membranes did not operate at lower operating pressure than the previous membranes. Additionally, the paper focuses on the differences in the fouling characteristics of RO membranes for two different wastewater sources. Includes 2 references, tables, figures.