膜过滤在水处理中的应用可以分别去除微生物和无机及有机化合物，从而生产微生物安全和生物稳定的饮用水。然而，污垢可能会导致严重的操作问题。纳滤（NF）和反渗透（RO）膜的污染机理包括结垢（无机、有机和胶体）和生物污染。不同类型的污垢会同时发生，相互影响。控制生物污染被认为是运行膜过滤装置的主要挑战。生物污损的定义是，生物量通过生长和/或沉积在表面上累积到导致运行问题的程度，很难量化。 然而，只有在遇到的操作问题与生物信息累积之间找到了关系，并通过适当的参数确定时，诊断“生物污染”才是合理的。生物污染可能会导致通量减少（标准化通量:MTC）和/或压降增加（标准化压降:NPD），导致成本增加。一套生物量参数和分析工具是可用的，但问题仍然是，在哪一个水平上，哪一个参数对于确定生物污染是运行问题的原因是决定性的，在哪一个水平上，生物膜密度是可接受的。NF和Romebranes中用于阻垢控制的化学物质（如阻垢剂和酸）在促进微生物生长的能力上有很大差异，某些市售阻垢剂可能会导致生物污染。 需要制定标准和评估策略，以便在早期检测生物污染，或对生物污染的风险（水类型、投加的化学品、预处理）进行预评估。针对生物污染的治疗或预防措施并不总是有效的。需要评估清洁方法和化学品效果的方法。本报告描述了旨在实现诊断、预测和预防生物污染的方法和策略的研究进展。包括14个参考文献、表格和图表。

Application of membrane filtration in water treatment enables the production ofmicrobiologically safe and biologically stable drinking water by removingmicroorganisms and inorganic and organic compounds, respectively. However,fouling may cause serious operational problems. Fouling mechanisms ofnanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes include scaling(inorganic, organic and colloidal) and biofouling. Different types of fouling canoccur simultaneously, influencing each other. Controlling biological fouling isconsidered to be a major challenge in operating membrane filtrationinstallations. Biofouling, defined as accumulation of biomass on a surface bygrowth and/or deposition to such a level that it causes operational problems, isdifficult to quantify. However, the diagnosis "biofouling" is only justified whena relation is found between the encountered operational problems and biomassaccumulation as determined with an adequate parameter. Biofouling may cause fluxreduction (normalized flux: MTC) and/or increased pressure drops (normalizedpressure drop: NPD) leading to increased costs. A suite of biomass parameters andanalytical tools are available, but the question remains which parameter(s) atwhich level is conclusive for identifying biofouling as the cause of theoperational problems and at what level biofilm densities are acceptable.Chemicals such as antiscalants and acids used for scale control in NF and ROmembranes differ greatly in their ability to promote growth of microorganisms andcertain commercially available antiscalants can cause biofouling. Criteria and ameasuring strategy are needed to detect biofouling in an early stage or forevaluation of the risks of biofouling (water type, chemicals dosed,pre-treatment). Curative or preventive measures against biofouling are not alwayseffective. Methods are needed for evaluation of the effects of cleaning methodsand chemicals. This report describes the development of investigations aiming atachieving methods and strategies for the diagnosis, prediction, and prevention ofbiofouling. Includes 14 references, tables, figures.