本研究的目的是进行县级分析，以确定美国在住宅建筑中使用管道空气源热泵进行空间供暖的经济有利地区。最常见的热泵配置包括备用热源，以在室外空气温度降至30-35°F（-1至2°C）以下时保持足够的加热能力，并且是电阻带或化石燃料燃烧炉。与仅使用热泵模式相比，这两种补充能源的供暖效率更低，并导致业主的运营成本增加；但是，由于室外空气温度降低，热泵的加热能力和效率降低，它们仍然是必要的。 热泵的生命周期成本可能会因使用的备份的具体类型以及其他因素而有所不同，如年度能源使用的地理差异、设备的前期成本以及燃料源的当地使用率。在当前的研究中，热泵的经济性是根据县级能源消耗数据和州一级设备和燃料成本的变化来计算的，并与中央空调和天然气加热炉的经济性进行了比较，后者是该国目前使用的最常见的空间调节设备类型。我们的研究结果表明，在温暖的南部各州，如德克萨斯州和乔治亚州，以及在太平洋西北部等电天然气价格比有利的地区，带电力备份的热泵比中央空调和天然气炉的基准技术更经济。 在北方气候条件下，较冷的温度会增加带状加热模式的运行时间，导致全电动热泵的成本竞争力降低。相比之下，在美国大部分地区，以天然气炉作为备用热源的双燃料热泵具有成本竞争力。该分析的结果为电力公司提供了见解，可用于确定其建筑空间供暖电气化工作的优先级。引文:2021篇虚拟会议论文

The purpose of this study was to perform a county-level analysis to identify the economically favorable regions in the U.S. for using ducted air-source heat pumps for space heating in residential buildings. The most common configurations of heat pumps include a backup heat source to maintain adequate heating capacity when the outdoor air temperature drops below 30-35°F (-1 to 2°C) and is either an electric resistance strip or a fossil-fuel fired furnace. Both of these supplemental sources are less efficient modes of heating the home than using heat pump mode only, and result in increased operating cost for the home-owner; but they are nonetheless necessary due to the degradation of heating capacity and efficiency of the heat pump at reduced outdoor air temperatures. The lifecycle cost of the heat pump can vary depending on the specific type of backup used in addition to other factors such as geographical differences in annual energy usage, upfront cost of the equipment, and the local utility rates of the fuel source. In the current research, the economics of a heat pump are calculated based on county level energy consumption data and state level variation in equipment and fuel costs, and compared against the economics of a central AC and natural gas furnace, which is the most common type of space-conditioning equipment used in the country today. Our results show that in warm southern states such as Texas and Georgia, and in regions with favorable electric to natural gas price ratios like the Pacific Northwest, heat pumps with electric backup are more economical than the baseline technology of central AC and natural gas furnace. In the northern climates, colder temperatures increase the run times of strip-heat mode, causing all-electric heat pumps to be less cost-competitive. In contrast, dual-fuel heat pumps with natural gas furnaces as the backup heat source were found to be cost-competitive throughout much of the United States. The results of this analysis provide electric utilities with insights that can be used to prioritize their building space heating electrification efforts.