1.1 本测试方法涵盖了通过直接成像集成测试仪测定用于润滑和液压系统的新油和在用油的颗粒浓度、粒度分布、颗粒形状和碳烟含量。 1.1.1 测试方法适用于石油和合成基流体。2 mm样品 2 /s至150 mm 2 /s在40℃下可以直接处理。粘度较大的样品可在溶剂稀释后处理。 1.1.2 测量的颗粒在4 μ m至 ≥ 70 μ m，上限取决于通过100 μ m目入口筛。 1.1.3 测量的颗粒浓度可能高达5 000 000个颗粒/mL，没有显著的重合误差。 1.1.4 对于长度大于约20µm的颗粒，测定颗粒形状。颗粒分为以下几类:滑动、切割、疲劳、非金属、纤维、水滴和气泡。 1.1.5 烟灰被测定为高达约1.5重量%。 1.1.6 该测试方法使用已知线性尺寸的物体进行校准。 1.2 以SI单位表示的值将被视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.3 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全性问题（如果有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践并确定法规限制的适用性。 1.4 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织发布的关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的贸易壁垒委员会。 ======意义和用途====== 5.1 本试验方法旨在用于分析实验室，包括现场在役油分析实验室。润滑剂的定期取样和分析长期以来一直被用作确定整体机械健康状况的手段。原子发射光谱(AES)通常用于磨损金属分析（测试方法 D5185 和 D6595 ).许多物理性能测试补充了磨损金属分析，并用于提供有关润滑剂状况的信息（测试方法 D445 , D2896 , D6304 ，和 D7279 ).分子光谱学（实践 E2412 ）提供有关感兴趣分子种类的直接信息，包括添加剂、润滑剂降解产物和污染流体，如水、燃料和乙二醇。直接成像集成测试仪提供有关颗粒计数、颗粒尺寸、颗粒类型和烟灰含量的补充信息。 5.2 润滑油和液压油中的颗粒是有害的，因为它们会增加磨损、堵塞过滤器并加速油的降解。 5.3 颗粒计数可以帮助评估过滤系统清洁流体的能力，确定是否需要离线再循环过滤来清洁流体，或帮助决定是否更换流体。 5.4 磨损颗粒浓度和尺寸的增加表明初期故障或部件更换。通过机油分析进行预测性维护定期监测磨损颗粒的浓度和尺寸，以预测故障。 5.5 柴油发动机润滑油中碳烟含量高可能表明发动机运行异常。

1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle concentration, particle size distribution, particle shape, and soot content for new and in-service oils used for lubrication and hydraulic systems by a direct imaging integrated tester. 1.1.1 The test method is applicable to petroleum and synthetic based fluids. Samples from 2 mm 2 /s to 150 mm 2 /s at 40 °C may be processed directly. Samples of greater viscosity may be processed after solvent dilution. 1.1.2 Particles measured are in the range from 4 μm to ≥ 70 μm with the upper limit dependent upon passing through a 100 μm mesh inlet screen. 1.1.3 Particle concentration measured may be as high as 5 000 000 particles per mL without significant coincidence error. 1.1.4 Particle shape is determined for particles greater than approximately 20 µm in length. Particles are categorized into the following categories: sliding, cutting, fatigue, nonmetallic, fibers, water droplets, and air bubbles. 1.1.5 Soot is determined up to approximately 1.5 % by weight. 1.1.6 This test method uses objects of known linear dimension for calibration. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 This test method is intended for use in analytical laboratories including on-site in-service oil analysis laboratories. Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is often employed for wear metal analysis (Test Methods D5185 and D6595 ). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (Test Methods D445 , D2896 , D6304 , and D7279 ). Molecular spectroscopy (Practice E2412 ) provides direct information on molecular species of interest including additives, lubricant degradation products and contaminating fluids such as water, fuel and glycol. Direct imaging integrated testers provide complementary information on particle count, particle size, particle type, and soot content. 5.2 Particles in lubricating and hydraulic oils are detrimental because they increase wear, clog filters and accelerate oil degradation. 5.3 Particle count may aid in assessing the capability of a filtration system to clean the fluid, determine if off-line recirculating filtration is needed to clean the fluid, or aid in the decision whether or not to change the fluid. 5.4 An increase in the concentration and size of wear particles is indicative of incipient failure or component change out. Predictive maintenance by oil analysis monitors the concentration and size of wear particles on a periodic basis to predict failure. 5.5 High soot levels in diesel engine lubricating oil may indicate abnormal engine operation.