1.1 本规程涵盖了单片复合材料、复合夹层结构和金属试样的基体阵列超声检测（MAUT）程序。这些程序可以在产品和工艺设计优化、在线过程控制、制造后检查和在役检查的整个零件生命周期中使用。 1.2 一般来说，超声波检测是一种常见的体积法，用于检测嵌入或地下的不连续性。本规程包括可用于检测缺陷和对不连续性和零件异常尺寸进行相对或近似评估的一般要求和程序。 检测到的缺陷或不连续性类型包括层间分层、异物碎片（FOD）、夹杂物、脱粘/未粘合、纤维脱粘、纤维断裂、孔隙、空隙、冲击损伤、厚度变化和腐蚀。 1.3 典型的测试样品包括单片复合材料叠层，如单轴、交叉层和角层压板、夹层结构、粘合结构和纤维缠绕，以及锻造、锻造和铸造金属部件。基于检查表面的可访问性，可以考虑两种技术:即单侧访问的脉冲回波检查和双侧访问的直通传输检查。 在这种实践中，两者都需要使用脉冲直束超声纵波，然后观察反射（脉冲回波）或接收（通过传输）波的指示。 1.4 本规程提供了两种超声波检测程序。每种都有自己的优点和检验要求，应按照合同文件中的约定进行选择。 1.4.1 程序A，脉冲回波（非接触式和接触式） 至少是一个发射和接收0.5 MHz至20 MHz范围内纵波的单个矩阵阵列换能器（见 图1 ). 该程序只需要接触供试品的一侧。 该程序可以通过自动或手动方式进行。自动和手动测试结果可以实时分析，也可以稍后记录和分析。 图1 测试程序A，使用单侧通道为复合面板（左）和金属板（右）设置脉冲回波装置 1.4.2 程序B，通过传输（非接触式和接触式） 是两个传感器的组合。一个发射纵波，另一个接收0.5 MHz至20 MHz范围内的纵波（参见 图2 ). 该程序要求接触供试品的两侧。通常，信号发射和信号接收换能器彼此垂直对齐。 这通常是通过使用轭式传感器支架装置来实现的，该装置将两个传感器连接到一个点，但将它们部署在结构的相对侧。也允许在不使用磁轭传感器支架的情况下进行透射检查。这是由于通过矩阵阵列传感器改进了手动对准的能力，由此实时C扫描显示能够直观地确认精确的对准，并在需要时便于重新对准。该程序可以通过自动或手动方式进行。可以对自动和手动测试结果进行成像或记录。 图2 测试程序B，通过传输装置组- 使用双面访问 1.5 其他接触方法，如使用剪切波表征焊缝的斜梁技术，或使用兰姆波检测复合板结构中冲击损伤的表面梁技术，均未涵盖在内。 1.6 这种做法没有规定接受-拒绝标准。 1.7 单位-- 以国际单位制表示的值应被视为标准值。SI单位后括号中给出的值仅供参考，不被视为标准值。 1.8 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如果有的话）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 5.1 本规程中描述的程序在检查中已被证明是有用的( 1. )用于本体缺陷的整体聚合物基复合材料（层压板）( 2. )在感兴趣部件的使用寿命期间用于腐蚀的金属( 3. )厚度检查( 4. )金属、复合材料和夹层芯结构的粘合( 5. )涂层，以及( 6. )复合纤维绕组。对未加压和加压材料和部件进行检查，并采取适当的预防措施。 5.2 本规程为纵波检测在材料损伤、不连续性和厚度变化的检测和定量评估中的应用提供了指导。 5.3 本规程主要用于测试零件是否符合采购订单或其他合同文件中最常见的验收标准，以及测试在用零件以检测和评估损坏。 5.4 MAUT搜索单元提供与相控阵换能器相当的近表面分辨率和小不连续性检测。 MAUT用于直射束纵波检测的优点是能够提供实时C扫描数据，这有助于数据解释并缩短检测时间。根据检查需要，数据可以显示为A-、B-或C-扫描或三维渲染。也可以在脉冲回波和透射超声（TTU）模式之间切换，而无需使用另一个系统或更换换能器。 5.5 MAUT技术已被证明在检查主要飞机结构中使用的多层碳纤维增强层压板方面具有实用性。 11 5.6 对于使用传统超声波设备对层压复合材料和夹层芯材进行超声波检测，请参考实施规程 E2580 .咨询实践 E114 用于使用直径为3.2mm至28.6mm的压电元件（换能器）引入的直束纵波通过脉冲回波法对材料进行超声波检测( 1. / 8. in.至1 1. / 8. in.）与被检查的材料接触，通常在A扫描显示器上显示。 5.7 该实践旨在评估在法向光束入射时可检测到的不连续性。如果其他方向的不连续性或材料完整性令人担忧，如贯穿裂纹和焊缝，则需要采用替代扫描技术。 5.8 程序A，脉冲回波-- 脉冲能量被传输到材料中，沿垂直于接触面的方向传播，并通过与接触表面平行或接近平行的不连续性或边界界面反射回搜索单元。这些回波返回到搜索单元，在那里它们从机械能转换为电能，并被接收器放大。放大的回波（信号）显示为A-、B-或C-扫描或三维渲染。从脉冲回波直射束实践中可以获得的信息类型有( 1. )表观不连续尺寸( 2. )不连续性的深度位置( 3. )材料特性，如材料中的声速，以及类似的材料厚度，以及( 4. )如果几何形状和材料允许，两种超声传导材料之间的结合和未结合（或融合和未融合）程度。除了检测分层等体积不连续性外( 图3 )，可以使用MAUT搜索单元以脉冲回波模式对许多材料的基本形状和产品以及精密加工零件进行超声波厚度测量，以确定工艺设备中由腐蚀和侵蚀引起的壁厚减薄( 图4 ). 图3 平板碳分层检测- 使用矩阵阵列超声检测纤维增强复合材料，显示典型的A、B和C扫描以及三维渲染（脉冲回波法） 图4 使用矩阵阵列超声检测（脉冲回波法）检测3.5mm厚铝板壁厚变薄腐蚀 5.9 程序B，通过传输-- 在TTU中，零件一侧的换能器将超声脉冲传输到另一侧对齐的接收换能器( 图2 ). 两个传感器之间的对齐通常是通过自动化完成的。到达接收传感器的脉冲衰减或缺失表明存在缺陷。TTU相对于脉冲的优势- 回声包括声能衰减较小、没有换能器振铃以及缺陷方向对传输信号的影响较小。然而，双面访问是必要的，与脉冲回波一样，很难检测到贯穿裂纹等垂直缺陷。应用包括在制造后检查板材和棒材，以及检测具有高衰减特性的材料中阻碍声音传播的剥离，如多层粘合层、蜂窝芯( 图5 )以及泡沫芯。 图5 使用矩阵阵列超声波检测（通过- 传输模式） 5.10 本规程不讨论可用于辅助复合材料或夹层结构中粘结特性的非线性共振超声光谱、超声光谱分析、斜射束、横波和导波的使用。 12 也没有讨论使用MAUT搜索单元检测夹层结构中皮芯剥离的空气耦合超声波检测。

1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection. 1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion. 1.3 Typical test articles include monolithic composite layups such as uniaxial, cross ply, and angle ply laminates, sandwich constructions, bonded structures, and filament windings, as well as forged, wrought, and cast metallic parts. Two techniques can be considered based on accessibility of the inspection surface: namely, pulse echo inspection for one-sided access and through-transmission for two-sided access. As used in this practice, both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave. 1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document. 1.4.1 Procedure A, Pulse Echo (Non-contacting and Contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1 ). This procedure requires access to only one side of the test article. This procedure can be conducted by automated or manual means. Automated and manual test results may be analyzed in real time or recorded and analyzed later. FIG. 1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo Apparatus Set-up for a Composite Panel (Left) and Metal Plate (Right) Using One-sided Access 1.4.2 Procedure B, Through Transmission (Non-contacting and Contacting) is a combination of two transducers. One transmits a longitudinal wave and the other receives the longitudinal wave in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 2 ). This procedure requires access to both sides of the test article. Typically, the signal transmitting and signal receiving transducers are perpendicularly aligned with each other. This is normally achieved using a yoke transducer holder arrangement, which attaches the two transducers to a single point but deploys them on opposite sides of the structure. Through transmission inspections are also permitted without the use of a yoke transducer holder. This is due to the capacity for improved manual alignment via the matrix array transducers, whereby the live C-scan display enables visual confirmation of accurate alignment, and facilitates re-alignment if needed. This procedure can be conducted by automated or manual means. Automated and manual test results may be imaged or recorded. FIG. 2 Test Procedure B, Through Transmission Apparatus Set-up using Two-sided Access 1.5 Other contact methods such as angle-beam techniques using shear waves to characterize welds, or surface-beam techniques using Lamb waves to detect impact damage in composite panel structures are not covered. 1.6 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria. 1.7 Units— The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting ( 1 ) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, ( 2 ) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, ( 3 ) thickness checks, ( 4 ) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, ( 5 ) coatings, and ( 6 ) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized and, with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected. 5.2 This practice provides guidelines for the application of longitudinal wave examination to the detection and quantitative evaluation of damage, discontinuities, and thickness variations in materials. 5.3 This practice is intended primarily for the testing of parts to acceptance criteria most typically specified in a purchase order or other contractual document, and for testing of parts in-service to detect and evaluate damage. 5.4 MAUT search units provide near-surface resolution and detection of small discontinuities comparable to phased array transducers. They may or may not be capable of beam steering. The advantage of MAUT for straight-beam longitudinal wave inspections is the ability to provide real-time C-scan data, which facilitates data interpretation and shortens inspection time. Depending on inspection needs, data can be displayed as A-, B-, or C-scans, or three-dimensional renderings. Toggling between pulse-echo and through transmission ultrasonic (TTU) modes without having to use another system or changing transducers is also possible. 5.5 The MAUT technique has proven utility in the inspection of multi-ply carbon-fiber reinforced laminates used in primary aircraft structures. 11 5.6 For ultrasonic testing of laminate composites and sandwich core materials using conventional UT equipment consult Practice E2580 . Consult Practice E114 for ultrasonic testing of materials by the pulse-echo method using straight beam longitudinal waves introduced by a piezoelectric element (transducer) with diameters of 3.2 mm to 28.6 mm ( 1 / 8 in. to 1 1 / 8 in.) in contact with the material being examined and usually presented in an A-scan display. 5.7 This practice is directed towards the evaluation of discontinuities detectable at normal beam incidence. If discontinuities or material integrity at other orientations are of concern such as through cracks and welds, alternate scanning techniques are required. 5.8 Procedure A, Pulse Echo— Pulsed energy is transmitted into materials, travels in a direction normal to the contact surface, and is reflected back to the search unit by discontinuity or boundary interfaces, which are parallel or near parallel to the contacted surface. These echoes return to the search unit, where they are converted from mechanical to electrical energy and are amplified by a receiver. The amplified echoes (signals) are displayed as A-, B-, or C-scans, or three-dimensional renderings. Types of information that may be obtained from the pulsed-echo straight-beam practice are ( 1 ) apparent discontinuity size, ( 2 ) depth location of discontinuities, ( 3 ) material properties such as velocity of sound in the material, and similarly, the thickness of a material, and ( 4 ) the extent of bond and unbond (or fusion and lack of fusion) between two ultrasonic conducting materials if geometry and materials permit. In addition to detecting volumetric discontinuities such as delaminations ( Fig. 3 ), ultrasonic thickness measurements can be made with MAUT search units in pulse-echo mode on basic shapes and products of many materials, and on precision machined parts, to determine wall thinning in process equipment caused by corrosion and erosion ( Fig. 4 ). FIG. 3 Detection of Delamination in Flat Panel Carbon-fiber Reinforced Composite Using Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing Showing Typical A-, B- and C-Scans and a Three-dimensional Rendering (Pulse-Echo Method) FIG. 4 Detection of Wall Thinning Corrosion in 3.5 mm Thick Aluminum Plate Using Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing (Pulse-Echo Method) 5.9 Procedure B, Through Transmission— In TTU, a transducer on one side of a part transmits an ultrasonic pulse to an aligned receiving transducer on the other side ( Fig. 2 ). Alignment between the two transducers is often accomplished by automation. Attenuation or absence of the pulse coming to the receiving transducer indicates the presence of a defect. Advantages of TTU over pulse-echo include less attenuation of sound energy, absence of transducer ringing, and less of an effect of defect orientation on transmitted signal. However, two-sided access is necessary, and like pulse-echo, vertical defects such as through cracks are difficult to detect. Applications include inspection of plate and bar stock after manufacturing, and detection of disbonds in materials with high attenuation properties that hinder sound propagation, such as multiple bond layers, honeycomb cores ( Fig. 5 ), and foam cores. FIG. 5 Detection of Disbond in an Impact-Damaged Region of a Sandwich Construction Consisting of a Graphite Fiber Reinforced Facesheet and an Aluminum Honeycomb Core Using Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing (Through-Transmission Mode) 5.10 This practice does not discuss nonlinear resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy, ultrasonic spectral analysis, use of angle beams, transverse waves, and guided waves that can be used to assist in bond characterization in composites or sandwich constructions. 12 Air coupled ultrasonic inspection using MAUT search units to detect skin-to-core disbonds in sandwich constructions is also not discussed.