低压膜过滤系统可以成功地集成到各个阶段 在现有水处理设施内提供高级处理和/或额外的 处理能力。膜的最佳安装位置的确定 一系列处理过程中的系统取决于系统特定的考虑因素。 通常影响膜系统位置的关键系统考虑因素包括 以下内容: 预处理的好处——预处理可以改善膜的性能 膜系统进水，往往导致资本和运营成本降低 成本； 易于泵送和处理操作- 越来越多的泵送和/或 处理步骤会增加电厂运行和维护的复杂性和成本； 预处理的可用性/成本——现有预处理设施的可用性和 与新的或改进的预处理相关的成本（资本和运营）； 设施的再利用——膜工艺位置对其潜在价值的影响 重复使用现有设施； 处理目标——膜处理位置对实现目标能力的影响 膜处理设施的主要目标； 废物处理——膜处理位置对废物处理问题的影响； 易于实施- 膜工艺位置对施工性和安全性的影响 易于实施；和 冗余/可靠性——膜工艺位置对冗余和可靠性的影响 水处理系统的可靠性。 这些考虑因素可以影响实施的最佳位置的方式 本文通过回顾三个国家的经验，展示了膜设备 在湖上现有处理设施中安装膜系统的公用设施 密歇根。虽然每个公用事业公司处理来自同一水源的水，但水处理公用事业公司 威斯康星州马尼托沃克；威斯康星州拉辛；伊利诺伊州的高地公园则以不同的方式进行 由于这些系统特定的考虑，实施膜处理的策略。 包括表格、数字。

Low-pressure membrane filtration systems can be successfully integrated into various stages within existing water treatment facilities to provide advanced treatment and/or additional treatment capacity. The determination of the optimal location for implementing a membrane system within a sequence of treatment processes depends upon system specific considerations. Key system considerations that often impact the location of the membrane system include the following: benefit of pretreatment - membrane performance may be improved from pretreatment of the membrane system feed water, often resulting in decreased capital and operational costs; ease of pumping and treatment operations - an increasing number of pumping and/or treatment steps can increase the complexity and cost of plant operations and maintenance; availability/cost of pretreatment - the availability of existing pretreatment facilities and the costs (capital and operational) associated with new or modified pretreatment; reuse of facilities - impact of the membrane process location on potential value from reuse of existing facilities; treatment goals - impact of the membrane process location on the ability to achieve the primary goals of the membrane treatment facilities; waste disposal - impact of membrane process location on waste disposal issues; ease of implementation - impact of membrane process location on constructability and ease of implementation; and, redundancy/reliability - impact of the membrane process location on redundancy and reliability of the water treatment system. The means by which these considerations can impact the optimal location for implementing membrane facilities is demonstrated in this paper through a review of the experiences of three utilities implementing membrane systems into existing treatment facilities located on Lake Michigan. Although each utility treats water from the same source, the water treatment utilities in Manitowoc, Wisconsin; Racine, Wisconsin; and Highland Park, Illinois has each proceeded with a different strategy for implementing membrane treatment as a result of these system specific considerations. Includes tables, figures.