饮用水消毒副产物（DBPs）的识别和测量已经完成 专注于含有卤素的化合物。流行病学和毒理学数据回顾 目前可获得的数据表明，与氯化相关的不良健康影响 饮用水不能用THM和THM中通常测量的DBP来解释 哈亚班。这些化合物没有考虑到氯化钠对健康的影响 水在流行病学研究中有两个标准，一个是特异性，另一个是效力。 首先，这些副产品中没有一种被证明能最稳定地产生癌症 与氯化水有关，膀胱癌。虽然 这些类别可能导致其他类型的癌症、生殖影响和发育影响， 它们的效力低到了一个数量级，无法解释其他似乎存在的关联 来自流行病学研究。这表明一种更有效的方法 组织一项研究工作来解决这个问题，将是试图找出那些 同时具备靶器官特异性和效力的潜力 流行病学调查结果。 几种植物中N-二甲基-N-亚硝胺（NDMA）的鉴定 饮用水是DBP的首次证明，DBP至少偶尔会在水中产生 根据流行病学调查结果的隐含数量。NDMA是 主要是一种肝脏致癌物，因此不符合特异性标准。然而，其他亚硝胺和 亚硝基脲已被确认为膀胱癌的致癌物。更稳健的分析方法 需要测量饮用水中的亚硝基化合物来评估这一假设。 已知针对膀胱的化学物质主要来自氮- 包含 有机课。这些化学物质中的一些，但不是全部都是潜在的致癌物。似乎不是 必须使用含氮有机化学物质来解释生殖和健康问题 发展效应。卤乙酸类和氯酸盐类的副产品具有适当的 这种效应的特异性。然而，它们的效力太低了。这种缺乏适当的 最简单的方法可能是通过确定发生率和毒理学特性来满足效力 相关的高链卤化有机酸和醛。这些例子说明了 DBP领域的研究重点可以更有效地组织起来处理 与饮用水处理相关的不良健康影响的流行病学关联。包括18个参考文献和表格。

The identification and measurement of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) has focused on compounds that contain halogen. Review of epidemiological and toxicological data that are currently available suggests that adverse health effects associated with chlorination of drinking water cannot be accounted for by the commonly measured DBPs within the THM and HAA classes. These compounds fail to account for the health effects associated with chlorinated water in epidemiological studies by two criteria, one of specificity and the other of potency. First, none of these byproducts has been shown to produce the cancer most consistently associated with chlorinated water, cancer of the urinary bladder. Although some members of these classes can cause other types of cancer, reproductive effects, and developmental effects, their potency is orders of magnitude too low to account for other associations that seem to be emerging from epidemiological studies. This suggests that a more productive method of organizing a research effort to solve this problem would be to seek to identify DBPs that have the potential of possessing both the target organ specificity and potency to account for epidemiological findings. The identification of N-dimethyl-N-nitrosamine (NDMA) in some drinking waters is the first demonstration of a DBP that may at least occasionally be produced in quantities sufficient to carry the levels of risk implied by epidemiological findings. NDMA is primarily a liver carcinogen, and therefore fails the criteria of specificity. However, other nitrosamines and nitrosoureas have been identified as bladder carcinogens. Analytical methods for more robust measurement of nitroso compounds in drinking water will be needed to evaluate this hypothesis. Chemicals that are known to target the urinary bladder come largely from nitrogen-containing organic classes. Some, but not all of these chemicals are potent carcinogens. It does not seem necessary to invoke nitrogen-containing organic chemicals to account for reproductive and developmental effects. Byproducts in the haloacetic acid class and chlorate have appropriate specificity for such effects. However, their potencies are much too low. This lack of appropriate potency may be most simply satisfied by determining the occurrence and toxicological properties of related higher chain halogenated organic acids and aldehydes. These examples illustrate how the research focus in the DBP area could be more efficiently structured to deal with epidemiological associations with adverse health impacts related to drinking water treatment. Includes 18 references, tables.