1.1本指南涵盖了高级氧化工艺（AOP）在缓解泄漏化学品和溶解到地下水和地表水中的碳氢化合物方面的考虑因素。 1.2本指南阐述了高级氧化单独或与其他技术结合的应用。 1.3以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.4 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全和健康实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 此外，用户有责任确保此类活动在完全了解任何潜在安全和健康协议的合格人员的控制和指导下进行。 ====意义和用途====== 3.1 概述- 本指南包含有关使用AOP氧化并最终矿化因泄漏而进入地表和地下水的危险物质的信息。由于大部分技术开发仍处于试验台水平，因此这些指南仅适用于目前在现场水平应用的装置。 3.2 氧化剂: 3.2.1 羟基自由基（OH）- 由于其强大的氧化能力，OH自由基是该技术使用的最常见的氧化剂。与分子臭氧、过氧化氢或次氯酸盐等其他氧化剂相比，其攻击速度通常要快得多。事实上，它通常是100万（10 6. )至10亿（10 9 )比分子臭氧的相应攻击快倍 ( 1. ) . 2. 生成羟基自由基的三种最常见方法在以下等式中描述: 3.2.1.1过氧化氢是光解氧化系统的首选氧化剂，因为臭氧会促进含有挥发性有机物的溶液的气提 ( 2. ) . 在决定氧化剂的选择时，还考虑了资本和运营成本。 3.2.1.2还开发了基于锐钛矿型二氧化钛的高级氧化技术。光催化过程产生羟基自由基的方法描述如下: 3.2.2 光解- 除羟基自由基攻击外，破坏途径对更难降解的化合物（如氯仿、四氯化碳、三氯乙烷和其他氯化甲烷或乙烷化合物）非常重要。 光反应器以光化学方式破坏这些化合物的能力将取决于其在特定波长下的输出水平。由于这些灯中的大多数是专有的，因此在处理这些化合物时，初步的实验室规模测试变得至关重要。 3.3 AOP处理技术: 3.3.1高级氧化工艺（AOP）可单独应用或与其他处理技术结合使用，如下所示: 3.3.1.1在预处理步骤之后。预处理过程可以是物理或化学过程，用于在AOP破坏之前从污染流中去除无机或有机清除剂。 3.3.1.2预浓缩步骤后。由于自由基或分子接触的可能性增加，非常稀的溶液可以在浓缩后使用AOP进行经济高效的处理。 3.4 AOP处理应用- 高级氧化工艺（AOP）对于含有浓度低于1的有机化合物的废物流最具成本效益 % (10 000 ppm）。这一数字将根据化合物的性质以及氧化剂是否存在竞争而有所不同。

1.1 This guide covers the considerations for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the mitigation of spilled chemicals and hydrocarbons dissolved into ground and surface waters. 1.2 This guide addresses the application of advanced oxidation alone or in conjunction with other technologies. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential safety and health protocols. ====== Significance And Use ====== 3.1 General— This guide contains information regarding the use of AOPs to oxidize and eventually mineralize hazardous materials that have entered surface and groundwater as the result of a spill. Since much of this technology development is still at the benchscale level, these guidelines will only refer to those units that are currently applied at a field scale level. 3.2 Oxidizing Agents: 3.2.1 Hydroxyl Radical (OH)— The OH radical is the most common oxidizing agent employed by this technology due to its powerful oxidizing ability. When compared to other oxidants such as molecular ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or hypochlorite, its rate of attack is commonly much faster. In fact, it is typically one million (10 6 ) to one billion (10 9 ) times faster than the corresponding attack with molecular ozone ( 1 ) . 2 The three most common methods for generating the hydroxyl radical are described in the following equations: 3.2.1.1 Hydrogen peroxide is the preferred oxidant for photolytic oxidation systems since ozone will encourage the air stripping of solutions containing volatile organics ( 2 ) . Capital and operating costs are also taken into account when a decision on the choice of oxidant is made. 3.2.1.2 Advanced oxidation technology has also been developed based on the anatase form of titanium dioxide. This method by which the photocatalytic process generates hydroxyl radicals is described in the following equations: 3.2.2 Photolysis— Destruction pathways, besides the hydroxyl radical attack, are very important for the more refractory compounds such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, and other chlorinated methane or ethane compounds. A photoreactor's ability to destroy these compounds photochemically will depend on its output level at specific wavelengths. Since most of these lamps are proprietary, preliminary benchscale testing becomes crucial when dealing with these compounds. 3.3 AOP Treatment Techniques: 3.3.1 Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) may be applied alone or in conjunction with other treatment techniques as follows: 3.3.1.1 Following a pretreatment step. The pretreatment process can be either a physical or chemical process for the removal of inorganic or organic scavengers from the contaminated stream prior to AOP destruction. 3.3.1.2 Following a preconcentration step. Due to the increase in likelihood of radical or molecule contact, very dilute solutions can be treated cost effectively using AOPs after being concentrated. 3.4 AOP Treatment Applications— Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are most cost effective for those waste streams containing organic compounds at concentrations below 1 % (10 000 ppm). This figure will vary depending upon the nature of the compounds and whether there is competition for the oxidizing agent.