开发了流化床颗粒反应器技术，用以去除水中的硬度 最小的污泥产量。该工艺的操作步骤包括向原料中添加颗粒 一个柱状反应器，引导原水和化学品通过柱底， 保持颗粒流化以防止它们凝结。在本研究中 将超滤膜（UF）与外入流结构和流化床相结合 颗粒反应器用于硬水软化。这种方法的优点 包括紧凑的反应器占地面积、高处理效率和优良的出水质量。 使用了三种不同大小的颗粒:石英砂、沙滩砂和热铁 氧化物颗粒（HIOP）。结果表明，在去除率低于16%的情况下，UF 由于反应缓慢，单独使用薄膜并不能有效去除硬度 不含球团的碳酸钙沉淀动力学。当三种类型 单独添加颗粒物时，UF/颗粒物一体化工艺的去除效率 在pH值为9.0的情况下超过60%。硬度去除效率随着温度的升高而提高 在试验过程中，未观察到明显的膜污染 实验。包括8个参考文献、表格、图表。

Fluidized-bed pellet reactor technology was developed to remove water hardness with minimal sludge production. Operation procedures of this process include adding pellets into a column reactor and directing raw water and chemicals through the bottom of the column, keeping pellets fluidized to prevent them from being coagulated. In this study a process combining an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with outside-in flow configuration and a fluidized-bed pellet reactor was proposed for hard water softening. The advantages of such a process include a compact reactor footprint, high treatment efficiency, and excellent effluent quality. Three different pellets of various sizes were used: quartz sand, beach sand, and heated iron oxide particles (HIOPs). Results show that with a removal efficiency of less than 16%, a UF membrane alone is not an effective process for removing hardness due to the slow reaction kinetic of calcium carbonate precipitation without the presence of pellets. When three types of pellets were added separately, the removal efficiency of the integrated UF/pellet process was more than 60% at a pH level of 9.0. Hardness removal efficiency improved with increasing pH and pellet surface area, and no significant membrane fouling was observed during the experiments. Includes 8 references, tables, figures.