洛杉矶水电局 （LADWP），膜过滤为 处理城市露天水库的水，因为 技术生产出优质的水，使用最少的化学品， 只需要很小的占地面积，并且可以很容易地实现自动化。 因为缺乏关于比较的信息 主要膜过滤系统在高质量过滤器上的性能 打开水库蓄水后，LADWP决定对四种膜进行中试 系统，两个微滤和两个超滤。 从事 本研究，希望获得实用、客观的结果 有助于制定全面安装设计标准的数据 容量为6-10毫克/日（23-38毫升/日）。 膜比较考虑了一系列因素 包括流量、结垢率、结垢频率和效率 化学清洗。尽管所有四个测试系统都产生了 当符合制造商的操作标准时，水质相似 随后，试点测试确实发现了重要的差异 在流量、水回收和系统维护方面。 钥匙在工作 在该市的最终选择中使用的因素是获胜 系统的较高通量为80 gfd（136 L/m2/h），其承受 给水压力高达60 psi（414 kPa），其相对较高 水的回收率，以及它对各种游离氯的抗性 浓度。 通过评估 LADWP利用水库水进行了中试，能够精确定位 不同膜的潜在优点和缺点 针对项目的具体要求。此外，试点测试 因为它提供了必要的操作支持而被证明是有价值的 可用于全尺寸设计的信息 安装。包括10个参考文献、表格和图表。

For the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), membrane filtration offered the best option for treating water from the city's open reservoirs because the technology produced superior water quality, used minimal chemicals, required only a small footprint, and could be easily automated. Because of the lack of information about the comparative performance of major membrane filtration systems on high-quality open reservoir water, LADWP decided to pilot-test four membrane systems, two microfiltration and two ultrafiltration. In undertaking this research, the utility hoped to obtain practical, objective data that would help develop design criteria for full-scale installations with capacities of 6-10 mgd (23-38 ML/d). The membrane comparison considered a range of factors including flux, rate of fouling, and frequency and efficiency of chemical cleaning. Although all four systems tested produced similar quality water when the manufacturers' operating criteria were followed, the pilot testing did uncover important differences in flux, water recovery, and system maintenance. The key operating factors used in the city's final selection were the winning system's higher flux of 80 gfd (136 L/m2/h), its ability to withstand feedwater pressure of up to 60 psi (414 kPa), its relatively higher water recovery, and its resistance to a wide range of free chlorine concentrations. By evaluating the performance of the membrane systems at pilot-scale using reservoir water, LADWP was able to pinpoint the different membranes' potential strengths and shortcomings for the project's specific requirements. In addition, the pilot testing proved valuable because it provided essential operational information that could be used in the design of the full-scale installations. Includes 10 references, tables, figures.