没有混凝土，现代建筑是不可想象的，全球每年的混凝土生产和消费量约为100亿立方米。考虑到2050年世界人口的稳定增长，预计这一数量将翻一番，这无疑将对能源消耗产生重大影响，并增加全球二氧化碳排放量。混凝土也许是自文明开始和发展以来最普遍的建筑材料。只要回忆一下中国的长城，古印度的宫殿和寺庙，古埃及的金字塔，罗马人用石灰火山灰粘合剂建造的独特建筑就足够了。混凝土的普遍性是由其生产的简单性和便利性、相当低的成本、结构的完整性和均匀性、耐久性以及在各种恶劣环境下的较长使用寿命来定义的。然而，具体的形象有时并不有利。 它与建筑工程和拆卸的更大劳动强度、大型结构、与不可再生自然资源的消耗有关的对环境的巨大影响有关。根据Gigaton Throwdown Initiative，“水泥行业排放的二氧化碳约占总二氧化碳排放量的5%至7%，即每年2.1 Gt”，这一事实极大地促进了这种看法事实上，在生产水泥熟料时，约产生0.9 t CO2/t熟料。考虑到波特兰基水泥（每年超过410万吨）的产量和使用量每年都在增加，这是混凝土生产中使用的主要粘合剂，这一事实对整个人类构成了重大威胁。据政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）称，有必要采取行动减少二氧化碳排放，因为大约30年后，二氧化碳浓度预计将达到450 ppm- 这是一个危险点，超过这个危险点，地球上将发生不可逆转的气候变化。由于混凝土仍将是未来的主要建筑材料，预计如果找不到将环境负担至少减少50%的新方法和机制，就不可能维持现有的影响水平。这个问题如此深刻和严重，几乎没有单一的方法来解决它。有必要采取综合办法，开展一些互补性的活动，提供一些协同作用。直到最近，主要的努力还是通过生产混合水泥以及创造新型粘合剂来改进工艺流程和减少熟料消耗。对替代粘合剂的积极探索导致了硫铝酸盐基水泥的发展；碱激发材料和地质聚合物（矿渣、粉煤灰、偏高岭土等）。 )高效、耐水的镁质水泥；磷酸盐水泥（磷酸铵、磷酸硅酸盐、磷酸镁等）、卤素铝酸钙水泥和所谓的低需水量粘合剂。随着高性能混凝土和新技术的出现，由于使用高性能高效减水剂和其他化学外加剂，传统混凝土中的水泥系数可能大幅增加，从而大幅降低混凝土混合物的耗水量；活性矿物添加剂，如微硅石、偏高岭土、粉煤灰、细磨矿渣等，以及各种惰性填料，可改善混凝土混合物的功能性，如细石灰石。严格来说，“火山灰效应”和“填料效应”很容易结合起来，并提供一定的协同作用。混凝土生产中减少水泥消耗的潜力仍然被低估。 这是因为人们担心混凝土的耐腐蚀性和钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性会降低，因为现有标准中的大部分都是规定性的，并设定了特定操作条件下混凝土中的最低水泥含量。通常，建筑物和构筑物的钢筋混凝土结构最初应具有设计强度和足够长的使用寿命，因为其施工通常需要大量投资。然而，这些结构的耐久性取决于不同的老化过程和外部作用的影响，因此它们的寿命将受到限制。因此，许多构筑物需要在相当短的时间内修复甚至更换，从而产生额外的成本和环境影响。因此，需要改进结构的设计原则，同时考虑耐久性参数，从而实现足够长的使用寿命。 基于生命周期的结构设计概念“环境设计”的发展，包括在运营成本背景下优化材料和能源资源的整体方法，使我们能够完全修改我们关于结构混凝土施工的想法。值得注意的是，生命周期分析（LCA）领域的许多最新发展旨在扩展和深化传统方法，并通过可持续发展分析（LCSA）对过程进行更完整的描述，不仅涵盖主要与产品（产品层面）相关的问题，但也存在与建筑行业相关的复杂问题（行业层面），甚至与总体经济层面（经济层面）。“环境设计”的方法是基于这样的设计模型和方法，它考虑了一系列因素对环境的影响，基于“全生命周期”的概念或总能耗和综合二氧化碳排放的核算模型。 所有这一切都可能成为解决全球问题的基础——遏制环境日益加重的负担，使建筑业的二氧化碳排放和能源消耗减少50%。因此，P.K.梅塔的话有一个特别尖锐的地方:“水泥和混凝土行业的未来将在很大程度上取决于我们将它们的增长与可持续发展联系起来的能力。”上述尖锐而紧迫的问题构成了“混凝土结构的耐久性和可持续性——DSCS-2018”国际研讨会第二版议程的基础，该研讨会于2018年6月6日至7日在莫斯科举行，由美国混凝土学会主办，国际结构混凝土联合会和国际建筑材料、系统和结构领域专家和实验室联合会。来自世界近40个国家的150多名专家参加了这次大型论坛，论坛的论文选集在本ACI SP中。

Modern construction is unthinkable without concrete, the world production and consumption of which is about 10 billion m3 per year. Given the steady growth of the world's population by 2050, it is expected to double this volume, which will undoubtedly be significantly affected on energy consumption and increase global CO2 emissions.Concrete is perhaps the most universal building material since the beginning and development of civilization. It is sufficient to recall the Great Wall of China, the palaces and temples of Ancient India, the pyramids of Ancient Egypt, the unique buildings of Romans, made with the use of lime-pozzolanic binders. Universality of concrete is defined by simplicity and convenience of its production, rather low cost, structural integrity and homogeneity, durability and a long service life under various aggressive environments.However, the concrete image is sometimes not favorable. It is associated with greater labor intensity of construction works and dismantlement, massive structures, a large impact on the environment in connection with the s consumption of not renewable natural resources. The same perception is greatly facilitated by the fact that, according to Gigaton Throwdown Initiative, "the cement industry is responsible for about 5 to 7% of total CO2 emissions, or 2.1 Gt per year." Indeed, when producing cement clinker about 0.9 t CO2 / t clinker are produced. Taking into account the annual increase in the production and use of Portland-based cement (more than 4.1 million tons per year) that is the main binder used in the production of concrete, this fact poses a significant threat to humanity as a whole. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), actions are necessary to reduce carbon dioxide emissions because in about 30 years CO2 concentrations is expected to reach 450 ppm - a dangerous point above which irreversible climate change will occur on our planet.Since concrete will remain the main building material in the future, it is expected that if new ways and mechanisms to reduce the environmental burden by at least 50% will be not found, it is not possible to maintain the existing level of impact. This problem is so deep and serious that there is hardly a single way to solve it. There is a need for an integrated approach, several complementary activities that provide some synergy.Until recently, the main efforts were aimed at improving technological processes and reducing the consumption of clinker through the production of blended cements, as well as the creation of new types of binders. Active search for alternative binders has led to the development of sulfoaluminate-based cements; alkali-activated materials and geopolymers (slag, fly ash, metakaolin, etc.), efficient and fairly water-resistant magnesia cements; phosphate cements (ammonium phosphate, silicate phosphate, magnesium phosphate etc.), cements with calcium halogen-aluminate and the so called low water demand binders.With the advent of high-performance concretes and new technologies, the possibility of a radical increase of the cement factor in conventional concrete due to the use of high-performance superplasticizers and other chemical admixtures, dramatically reducing the water consumption of the concrete mixture; active mineral additives such as micro silica, metakaolin, fly ash, finely ground granulated slag, etc., as well as a variety of inert fillers that can improve the functionality of concrete mixtures, such as fine limestone. Strictly speaking, "pozzolanic effect" and "filler effect" are easily combined and provide a certain synergy.The potential for reducing cement consumption in concrete production is still undervalued. This is due to certain fears of decreasing the corrosion resistance of concrete and durability of reinforced concrete structures, since the great bulk of the existing standards is prescriptive and sets the minimum cement content in concrete under specific operating conditions.Reinforced concrete structures of buildings and constructions, as a rule, initially, shall have the design strength and sufficiently long service life because their construction often requires a significant investment. The durability of these structures, however, is determined by different ageing processes and the influence of external actions, so their life will be limited. As a result, many structures need to be repaired or even replaced in fairly short time periods, resulting in additional costs and environmental impacts. Therefore, there is a need to improve the design principles of structures taking into account the parameters of durability and thus achieving a sufficiently long service life.Development of the concept of design of structures based on their life cycle, "environmental design", including a holistic approach that optimizes material and energy resources in the context of operating costs, allow us to completely revise our ideas about structural concrete construction.It should be noted that many recent developments in the field of life cycle analysis (LCA) are aimed at expanding and deepening traditional approaches and creating a more complete description of the processes with the analysis of sustainable development (LCSA) to cover not only the problems associated mainly with the product (product level), but also complex problems related to the construction sector of the economy (at the sector level) or even the general economic level (economy level).The approach to "environmental design" is based on such models and methods of design, which takes into account a set of factors of their impact on the environment, based on the concept of "full life cycle" or models of accounting for total energy consumption and integrated CO2 emission.All of this could become a basis for the solution of the global problem - to contain the growing burden on the environment, providing a 50% reduction in CO2 emissions and energy consumption in the construction industry. Hence a special sharpness P. K. Mehta's phrase acquires: ".the future of the cement and concrete industry will largely depend on our ability to link their growth for sustainable development."The above-mentioned acute and urgent problems form the basis of the agenda of the Second edition of International Workshop on "Durability and Sustainability of Concrete Structures - DSCS-2018," held in Moscow on 6 - 7 June 2018 under the auspices of the American Concrete Institute, the International Federation on structural concrete and the International Union of experts and laboratories in the field of building materials, systems and structures. The selected papers of this major forum, which brought together more than 150 experts from almost 40 countries of the world, are collected in this ACI SP.