由于碱度低，缓冲性差，弗吉尼亚州里士满市的成品水在流经配水系统时pH值变化很大。在铅和铜法规出台之前，该市曾使用正磷酸锌，但这不足以防止该市超过该法规规定的铅行动水平。为了避免更换铅管，该市增加了化学添加剂，在整个配电系统中安装了试件，并对腐蚀控制替代方案进行了桌面评估和管道回路研究。这篇简短的论文概述了每一项行动及其结果。

Due to low alkalinity and poor buffering, the City of Richmond (Virginia) finished water varies widely in pH as it passes through the distribution system. Prior to the Lead and Copper Rule, the city was applying a zinc orthophosphate, but that was not enough to prevent the city of exceeding lead action levels under the regulation. To avoid having to replace lead service lines, the city increased the chemical addition, installed test coupons throughout the distribution system, and both conducted a desk top evaluation of corrosion control alternatives and a pipe loop study. This brief paper outlines each action taken and its results.