1.1 此测试方法使用两个程序中的一个来测量:( 1. )热能，可以在没有压缩力的情况下直接通过多层结构传递，这可能导致预测的烧伤，或者( 2. )热能直接传递通过多层结构，然后施加压缩力，该压缩力快速释放多层结构中存储的热能，这可能导致预测的烧伤。 1.1.1 本试验方法仅适用于适合暴露在高温和火焰中的防护服系统。 1.1.2 材料系统的阻燃性应在测试前根据适用的性能或规范标准或两者进行确定，以供材料的最终用途。 1.2 本试验方法建立了消防员防护服材料系统的水分预处理程序。 1.3 本标准中使用的二度烧伤预测是基于对人类受试者前臂的有限数量的实验。 1.3.1 生成第二个所需的曝光长度- 这种测试方法中的烧伤程度超过了在有限数量的人类前臂实验中发现的暴露时间。 1.4 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准。括号中给出的值是将数学转换为英制单位或热测试常用的其他单位。 1.5 本标准用于测量和描述材料、产品或组件在受控实验室条件下对辐射热的响应特性，但其本身并不包括在实际火灾条件下对材料、产品和组件进行火灾危险或火灾风险评估所需的所有因素。 1.6 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 具体的预防信息见第节 7. . 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 消防员在消防活动过程中经常暴露在辐射热中。在某些情况下，消防员报告称，在没有证据表明消防员防护服外层或内层受损的情况下，衣服下有烧伤。 5. 单独的低水平传输辐射能，或者传输辐射能和通过压缩释放的储存能量的组合，可能足以导致这些类型的伤害。 该测试方法旨在测量消防员防护服材料系统在特定实验室暴露条件下的传输和储存能量。 5.2 本试验方法中使用的辐射热暴露强度被选择为代表结构消防所定义的普通火场条件的近似中点 ( 1. , 2. ) . 6. 比辐射热暴露选择为8.5±0.5 kW/m 2. （0.20±0.012卡/厘米 2. -s） ，因为这种辐射热水平可以通过测试设备保持，并且对大多数NFPA几乎不会造成损坏 1971- 符合要求的防护服系统。 5.2.1 Utech ( 2. ) 定义为空气温度在60到300之间的普通火场条件 °C，热通量值范围为2.1至21.0 kW/m 2. （0.05至0.5 cal/cm 2. s 5.3 防护服系统包括在复合结构中使用的材料。这些包括外壳、防潮层和隔热层。它们也可能包括消防员防护服上使用的其他材料，如加固层、接缝、口袋、襟翼、钩环、带子或反光镶边。 5.4 消防员防护服中热能的传输和储存受到几个因素的影响。其中包括防护服系统的穿着和使用条件的影响。在本试验方法中，提供了在试验前清洗复合样品的调节程序，以及复合样品的水分预处理。根据Barker的建议，预处理过程中添加的水分量通常属于预测传热的最坏情况 ( 3. ) . 5.5 本试验方法提供了两种不同的试验程序。程序A仅测量在暴露时间内通过复合材料而没有压缩的传输能量。在这种方法中，辐射暴露的长度可能足以预测二度烧伤。程序B包括使用固定的辐射热暴露时间来确定是否会预测到二度烧伤。如果有一秒钟- 预测烧伤程度，报告二度烧伤的时间。如果没有预测到二度烧伤，结果显示为“没有预测到烧伤”。该程序包括建议的固定辐射暴露时间。

1.1 This test method uses one of two procedures to measure: ( 1 ) heat energy, which can be directly transmitted through the multilayer structure without compressive force, that can result in predicted burn injury, or ( 2 ) heat energy directly transmitted through the multilayer structure, followed by applying a compressive force, which rapidly releases stored heat energy in the multilayer structure that can result in a predicted burn injury. 1.1.1 This test method is applicable only to protective clothing systems that are suitable for exposure to heat and flames. 1.1.2 Flame resistance of the material system shall be determined prior to testing according to the applicable performance or specification standard, or both, for the material’s end use. 1.2 This test method establishes procedures for moisture preconditioning of firefighter protective clothing material systems. 1.3 The second-degree burn injury prediction used in this standard is based on a limited number of experiments on forearms of human subjects. 1.3.1 The length of exposures needed to generate a second-degree burn injury in this test method exceeds the exposure times found in the limited number of experiments on human forearms. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to English units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. 1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to radiant heat under controlled laboratory conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is found in Section 7 . 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Firefighters are routinely exposed to radiant heat in the course of their fireground activities. In some cases, firefighters have reported burn injuries under clothing where there is no evidence of damage to the exterior or interior layers of the firefighter protective clothing. 5 Low levels of transmitted radiant energy alone, or a combination of the transmitted radiant energy and stored energy released through compression, can be sufficient to cause these types of injuries. This test method was designed to measure both the transmitted and stored energy in firefighter protective clothing material systems under a specific set of laboratory exposure conditions. 5.2 The intensity of radiant heat exposure used in this test method was chosen to be an approximate midpoint representative of ordinary fireground conditions as defined for structural firefighting ( 1 , 2 ) . 6 The specific radiant heat exposure was selected at 8.5 ± 0.5 kW/m 2 (0.20 ± 0.012 cal/cm 2 -s), since this level of radiant heat can be maintained by the test equipment and produces little or no damage to most NFPA 1971-compliant protective clothing systems. 5.2.1 Utech ( 2 ) defined ordinary fireground conditions as having air temperatures ranging from 60 to 300 °C and having heat flux values ranging from 2.1 to 21.0 kW/m 2 (0.05 to 0.5 cal/cm 2 -s). 5.3 Protective clothing systems include the materials used in the composite structure. These include the outer shell, moisture barrier, and thermal barrier. It is possible that they will also include other materials used on firefighter protective clothing such as reinforcement layers, seams, pockets, flaps, hook and loop, straps, or reflective trim. 5.4 The transmission and storage of heat energy in firefighter protective clothing is affected by several factors. These include the effects of wear and use conditions of the protective clothing system. In this test method, conditioning procedures are provided for the laundering of composite samples prior to testing, and also composite sample moisture preconditioning. The amount of moisture added during preconditioning typically falls into a worst-case amount in terms of predicted heat transfer, as suggested by Barker ( 3 ) . 5.5 Two different procedures for conducting the test are provided in this test method. Procedure A measures only the transmitted energy that passes through the composite, without compression, during the exposure time. In this approach, the length of the radiant exposure is likely to be sufficient in the prediction of a second-degree burn injury. Procedure B involves using a fixed radiant heat exposure time to determine if a second-degree burn injury will or will not be predicted. If a second-degree burn injury is predicted, the time to a second-degree burn injury is reported. If a second-degree burn injury is not predicted, the result is indicated as “no predicted burn.” This procedure includes recommended fixed radiant exposure times.