许多亚硝胺，尤其是N-亚硝二甲胺（NDMA），是潜在的致癌物。只有 最近，NDMA被确定为氯胺消毒的新副产品。这项研究是为了制定策略和方法，以尽量减少形成 饮用水氯胺化过程中亚硝胺的降解。因此，不仅强调 关于N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）的形成最为突出，但也与其他有关 亚硝胺，包括N-亚硝乙基甲胺（NEMA），N- 亚硝基二乙胺（NDEA），N-亚硝基- n-丙胺（NDPA）、n-亚硝基二正丁胺（NDBA）、n-硝基异丙啶（NPIP）、n-三异吡咯烷、， N-亚硝基吗啉和N-亚硝基二环己胺（NDcHxA）。亚硝胺 在实验室中测定了选定的不同来源的天然水体的形成势（NFP） 基于实验室的NFP测试，使用预成型的一氯胺。在这些NFP测试的同时 通过分析重要的物理化学参数，对调查水域进行了表征 如pH值、碱度、TOC、铵、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、硼和仲胺。在每一个水里， NDMA是氯胺化过程中产生的主要亚硝胺副产物。另外 形成的亚硝胺有NDEA、NPYR和NMOR；然而，水平至少是一个数量级 震级低于NDMA。只有一小部分NDMA的形成量， NDEA、NPYR和NMOR可归因于相应的仲胺前体 二甲胺（DMA）、二乙胺（DEA）、吡咯烷（PYR）和吗啉（MOR），表明 亚硝胺形成的主要部分与叔胺有关。一些叔二甲胺 研究发现（如雷尼替丁）转化为NDMA的转化率比对照组高83倍 DMA。对于地表水，NDMA的形成与硼含量之间存在良好的相关性 在水中，假设人为污染对NFP有重大影响。其他的都没有 在基本理化参数组中分析的参数显示出任何类似的相关性。 对数据的综合评估表明，水资源公用事业公司在以下条件下使用地表水: 在氯胺化过程中，废水的影响比那些 利用未受影响的水源。在进一步的研究中，亚硝胺前体 在实验室和实验室条件下，研究了自来水厂不同处理步骤的去除效果 供水设施。基于河岸过滤和人工地下水补给的处理步骤 被证明能够显著降低亚硝胺前体的含量。进一步的先兆 可通过活性炭处理、氯化和臭氧氧化来去除。 调查 然而，关于氯化铁或聚合氯化铝的絮凝作用，没有显示出任何重大影响 通过该处理步骤去除亚硝胺前体化合物，以及通过曝气或 石灰软化。在现场进行河岸好氧过滤时，使用 DMA的平均效率为76%，DEA为66%，PYR为52%，MOR为80%。还有NDMA 河岸过滤过程消除了地表水中已经存在的污染物（>90%的去除率）。 包括35个参考文献、表格和图表。

Many nitrosamines, especially N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are potent carcinogens. Only recently, NDMA was identified as a new byproduct from disinfection with chloramines. This research was performed to develop strategies and methods to minimize the formation of nitrosamines during chloramination of drinking water. Thereby, emphasis was not only put on the formation of the most prominent N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), but also on other relevant nitrosamines including N-nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodi- n-propylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), Nnitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosomorpholine, and N-nitroso-dicyclohexylamine (NDcHxA). The nitrosamine formation potential (NFP) of selected natural waters of different origin was determined in laboratory-based NFP-tests using preformed monochloramine. In parallel to these NFP tests, the waters under investigation were characterized by analysis of important physico-chemical parameters such as pH, alkalinity, TOC, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, boron and secondary amines. In each water, NDMA turned out to be the major nitrosamine byproduct formed during chloramination. Other nitrosamines formed were NDEA, NPYR, and NMOR; however, levels were at least one order of magnitude lower than those of NDMA. Only a small fraction of the formed amounts of NDMA, NDEA, NPYR and NMOR could be attributed to the corresponding secondary amine precursors dimethylamine (DMA), diethylamine (DEA), pyrrolidine (PYR), and morpholine (MOR), indicating that the major portion of nitrosamine formation is related to tertiary amines. Some tertiary dimethylamines (e.g., ranitidine) were found to show conversion rates into NDMA up to 83-fold higher than DMA. For surface waters, a good correlation was found for NDMA formation and the boron content in the water, supposing a major impact of anthropogenic pollution on the NFP. None of the other parameters analyzed in the basic set of physico-chemical parameters showed any similar correlation. The comprehensive evaluation of the data implies that water utilities using surface water under the influence of wastewater are at higher risk for nitrosamine formation during chloramination than those making use of non-impacted water sources. In further investigations the nitrosamine precursor removal by different treatment steps used in waterworks was studied in laboratory experiments and at water utilities. Treatment steps based on riverbank filtration and artificial groundwater recharge turned out to be capable of reducing the nitrosamine precursor amount significantly. Further precursor removal can be obtained by activated carbon treatment, chlorination and ozonation. Investigations concerning flocculation with iron chloride or polyaluminum chloride, however, did not show any major removal of nitrosamine precursor compounds via this treatment step, as did treatment via aeration or lime softening. Secondary amines were removed during aerobic riverbank filtration in the field with an average efficiency of 76 % for DMA, 66 % for DEA, 52 % for PYR, 80 % for MOR. Also NDMA already present in surface water was eliminated (>90 % removal) by the riverbank filtration process. Includes 35 references, tables, figures.