膜污染导致进料通道压力损失增加，通量严重降低 阻碍了螺旋缠绕RO和NF膜在制水中的应用 用于人类消费或工业目的。在许多情况下，积累 膜元件中的微生物生物量（生物污染）是主要的污染过程。这个 生物污染的速率和程度取决于膜中细菌的增殖速率 元素，这反过来又取决于土壤中有机和无机养分的浓度 给水。促生长（可生物降解）的浓度和性质 化合物由几个因素定义，包括:原水的性质；治疗的效果 膜过滤（预处理）前采用的工艺； 以及 添加到给水中的化学物质。在许多情况下，地表水用作原水，但也 使用海水和地下水。地表水含有可生物降解的化合物 源于（处理过的）废水污染。此外，藻类或藻类的生长 蓝藻能在地表水中产生易于生物降解的化合物 在海水中。处理可能导致可生物降解物质浓度降低 通过物理化学过程，例如凝固/沉淀（CS）或 用于去除大分子量化合物和颗粒的超滤（UF）， 包括微生物和生物过程，如砂滤或颗粒过滤 活性炭过滤。氧化过程的应用，例如。 g、 臭氧氧化，导致 难降解腐殖酸形成易于生物降解的低分子量化合物 还有黄腐酸。此外，添加用于防垢的化学品，包括 无机酸和有机阻垢剂（AS）可能会增加 可生物降解化合物（Hiemstra等人，1997年；Van der Hoek等人，2000年）。因此 不同的原水类型和不同的水处理方案（包括添加剂）会导致 具有不同促生长特性的大量给水水质，即。 生物污染特性。阐明水成分、水处理的影响 此外，还需要添加化学品，以便做出有关预防艾滋病的决定 生物污染。为此，需要进行生物测试，以确定生长的特征和量化- 可以在不同阶段提高水的性能。促生长剂的研究 许多AS类型的特性表明，这些化学物质不同 在批量试验或动态试验中生产生物膜的潜力很大 （Vrouwenvelder等人，2000年）。这项研究表明，AS剂量也可能增加 有效磷浓度（P）。包括10个参考文献、表格和图表。

Membrane fouling causing increased feed channel pressure loss and flux reduction seriously hampers the application of spiral-wound RO and NF membranes for the production of water intended for human consumption or industrial purposes. In many cases accumulation of microbial biomass in the membrane elements (biofouling) is the main fouling process. The rate and extent of biofouling depend on the rate of multiplication of bacteria in the membrane elements, which in turn depends on the concentration of organic and inorganic nutrients in the feed water. The concentration and nature of growth-promoting (biodegradable) compounds is defined by several factors that include: the nature of the raw water; the effects of treatment processes applied prior to membrane filtration (pretreatment); and, the effects of chemicals added to the feed water. In many cases surface water serves as raw water, but also seawater and groundwater are used. Surface water contains biodegradable compounds originating from contamination with (treated) wastewater. Furthermore, growth of algae or cyanobacteria leads to the production of easily biodegradable compounds in surface water and in seawater. Treatment may lead to a reduction of the concentration of biodegradable compounds by physicochemical processes, e.g. coagulation/sedimentation (CS) or ultrafiltration (UF) for the removal of large molecular-weight compounds and particles, including microorganisms and by biological processes, e.g. sand filtration or granular activated carbon filtration. Application of oxidative processes, e.g. ozonation, leads to the formation of easily biodegradable low molecular-weight compounds from refractory humic and fulvic acids. Furthermore, addition of chemicals for scaling prevention, including inorganic acids and organic antiscalants (AS) may increase the concentration of biodegradable compounds (Hiemstra et al. 1997; Van der Hoek et al. 2000). Consequently, different raw water types and different water treatment schemes, including additives, lead to a large range of feed water qualities with different growth-promoting properties, i.e. biofouling characteristics. Elucidation of the effects of water composition, water treatment and addition of chemicals is required to enable decisions regarding the prevention of biofouling. For this purpose, bioassays for characterization and quantification of the growth-promoting properties of water in various stages can be used. A study on the growth-promoting properties of a number of AS types demonstrated that these chemicals differed strongly in the potential to produce biomass in batch tests or biofilms in a dynamic test (Vrouwenvelder et al. 2000). This study demonstrates that AS dosage may also increase the concentration of available phosphorus (P). Includes 10 references, tables, figures.