1965年首次提出使用地面耦合热虹吸管（热管）加热路面，1975年在西弗吉尼亚州公路坡道上安装了1213个热虹吸管。随着在怀俄明州建造两座实验设施，这项工作扩展到桥面的加热。1980年，联邦公路管理局（FHWA）签订合同，为桥面供暖编制地面耦合热虹吸管设计手册。本文报告了所建立的传热模型及其对两个实验装置数据的验证。 该模型利用响应系数公式来模拟地面、蒸发器场、冷凝器、甲板和环境之间的相互作用。每个地面蒸发器由有限长开尔文线源表示，其特征半径由回填孔中有限长蒸发器的稳态分析确定。进行了参数研究，以确定关键甲板、热虹吸管、地面和回填特性对系统热性能的影响。 这些数据允许制定设计算法，预测地面和甲板表面之间的最小预期热导率。单位:SICitation:Symposium，ASHRAE交易，1987年，第93卷，pt。1，纽约州纽约市

The use of ground-coupled thermosyphons (heat pipes) to heat pavements was initially proposed in 1965, and the first major application of this concept was the installation of 1213 thermosyphons in a West Virginia highway ramp in 1975. This work was extended to the heating of bridge decks with the construction of two experimental facilities in Wyoming.In 1980 The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) contracted for the preparation of ground-coupled thermosyphon design manual for bridge deck heating. This paper reports on the heat transfer model that was developed and its validation against data from the two experimental facilities. The model utilized a response factor formulation to simulate the interactions between the ground, the evaporator field, the condensers, the deck, and the environment. Each ground evaporator was represented by a finite length Kelvin line source with its characteristic radius determined from a steady state analysis of a finite length evaporator in a backfilled hole. Parametric studies were performed to determine the effect that key deck, thermosyphon, ground, and backfill properties had on the system’s thermal performance. These data permitted the formulation of a design algorithm which predicts the minimum expected thermal conductance between the ground and the deck surface.Units: SI