1.1 本指南提供了一种方法，用于为从监管控制下的去污和退役（D&D）或环境修复现场移除的散装材料的释放获得批准提供依据。这将在退役计划（指南 E1281 ). 图1 遵循MARSAME中描述的逻辑，以确定可考虑发布的材料。协商该逻辑树的材料被称为“基于剂量的释放候选材料” 图1 材料成为发布候选材料的先决条件 1.2 就本指南而言，散装材料应包括，例如，建筑材料、混凝土碎石、土壤以及内部污染或激活的设备和设施组件。 1.3 本指南适用于从现场移除进行处置的设备和材料，而不是保留的不动产（建筑物和场地）。 1.4 警告 吸入石棉粉尘是危险的。石棉和石棉产品已证明对使用者及其接触者有健康风险。除其他预防措施外，在使用石棉产品时，应尽量减少由此产生的灰尘。有关温石棉安全使用的信息，请参阅“温石棉的安全使用:预防和控制措施手册” 1.5 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。 本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 有关特定危险，请参阅 1.4 . 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 6.1 D&D过程中遇到的材料可能含有残余放射性，其量从辐照燃料中的放射性到建筑材料中或建筑材料上几乎检测不到的放射性不等。 很明显，高放射性物质必须按照第10条的规定作为放射性废物处理 成本加运费 60和10 CFR 61。相反，花费不成比例的资源来隔离含有微量放射性物质的材料是不合理的，这些物质甚至不会对健康产生统计上可测量的影响。 6.2 本指南提供了一种基本原理和方法，用于区分含有足够放射性的材料与放射性含量不高的材料（如等待衰变的储存、近地表处置、带入侵者保护的处置或放置在深层储存库中）。放射性含量不高的材料可以在经济上回收或在传统（垃圾填埋）设施中处理，而不会对健康产生不利影响。 符合本指南中确定的标准的材料并不是简单地被排除在监管之外，因为它们并不完全属于监管范围。它们充分不含放射性物质，因此出于辐射防护的目的，没有进一步的控制努力是合理的。因此，根据本指南，释放供不受限制使用的材料符合“尽可能低”（ALARA）活动的标准。 6.3 就本指南而言，在没有监管限制的情况下，将含有残余放射性的材料退还给社会被称为“基于缺乏对健康产生不利影响的可信可能性的不受限制的释放”。 “本指南声称，无论使用何种方式回收的材料，都不会对健康产生统计上可测量的影响。它不能保证这些材料适用于所有可能的应用，例如，材料中微量的放射性核素可能不适用于某些摄影和电子应用。 6.4 本指南还声称，材料所有者有责任确保在发布前满足社会对“无可测量健康影响”的标准，并且提供具有特殊应用所需纯度的材料的责任不在于材料所有者，而在于该应用的开发者。

1.1 This guide provides an approach for developing a basis for obtaining approval for release of bulk materials to be removed from a decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) or environmental remediation site from regulatory control. This would be addressed in the decommissioning plan (Guide E1281 ). Fig. 1 follows the logic described in the MARSAME for determining the materials that could be considered for release. Materials that negotiate this logic tree are referred to as “candidate for release based on dose.” FIG. 1 Prerequisites for Material To Be Candidate For Release 1.2 For purposes of this guide, bulk materials shall consist of, for example, building materials, concrete rubble, soils, and internally contaminated or activated equipment and facility components. 1.3 This guide is intended to apply to those equipment and materials to be removed from the site for their disposition, as opposed to real property (buildings and grounds) that are to remain. 1.4 Warning— Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use of Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.” 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard, see 1.4 . 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 6.1 Materials encountered during D&D may contain residual radioactivity varying in amounts from that in irradiated fuel to barely detectable quantities in or on building materials. It is clear that highly radioactive materials have to be disposed as radioactive waste pursuant to 10 CFR 60 and 10 CFR 61. Conversely, it is not reasonable to expend a disproportionate amount of resources to isolate materials that contain minute quantities of radioactive materials that will not cause even statistically measurable health effects. 6.2 This guide provides a rationale and methodology for distinguishing between materials that contain sufficient radioactivity to warrant isolation of some type (such as storage awaiting decay, near-surface disposal, disposal with intruder protection, or placement in a deep repository) from materials with insignificant radioactive content. Materials with insignificant radioactive content can be recycled in the economy or disposed of in conventional (landfill) facilities without adverse health effects. Materials that meet the criteria identified in this guide are not simply excluded from regulation because they do not fall precisely in the regulatory scope. They are sufficiently free of radioactive material so that no further efforts at control are justified for radiation protection purposes. Therefore, the release of materials for unrestricted use in accordance with this guide meets the criteria for being an “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA) activity. 6.3 For the purpose of this guide, the return of materials containing residual radioactivity to society without regulatory restrictions is referred to as “unrestricted release based on the absence of the credible potential for adverse health effects.” This guide asserts that materials recycled this way will have no statistically measurable health effects regardless of use. It does not guarantee that the materials are suitable for use in every possible application, for example, trace amounts of radionuclides in materials may not be acceptable for certain photographic and electronic applications. 6.4 This guide also asserts that the owner of the materials is responsible for ensuring that society's criteria for “no measurable health effects” is met before release, and that the responsibility for providing materials with the purity required for a special application rests not with the owner, but with the developer of that application.