1.1 本试验方法描述了使用试验箱在循环气压差下测定外窗、门、天窗和幕墙的结构性能。本试验方法适用于所有幕墙组件，包括但不限于金属、玻璃、砌体和石材组件。 2. 1.2 本试验方法仅用于评估与指定试样相关的结构性能，而不是相邻结构的结构性能。 1.3 程序A应用于寿命周期试验负荷。 1.4 程序B应用于风事件测试荷载。 1.5 以国际单位制或英寸-磅单位表示的数值应单独视为标准值。每个系统中规定的值不一定是精确的等价物； 因此，为确保符合本标准，每个系统应独立使用，且两个系统的值不得组合。 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 第节给出了具体的危险说明 7. . 1.7 本试验方法的文本参考了提供解释材料的注释和脚注。这些注释和脚注（不包括表和图中的注释和脚注）不应视为本标准的要求。 1.8 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 本试验方法是确定循环气压差下结构性能的标准程序。这通常是为了表示在外部建筑表面构件上重复施加风荷载或在飓风或其他极端风事件期间可能经历的荷载的长期影响。本试验方法旨在用于安装窗户、幕墙和门组件，对于这些组件，循环或重复荷载的影响可能是系统在用结构性能中的重要因素，并且对于这些组件，无法通过在均匀静态气压下的单次应用试验来确定此类影响。本试验方法不考虑风载碎屑的影响。 该测试方法适用于测试独特结构或测试在役记录不足的系统，以确定其在循环荷载下的性能。 5.1.1 建筑物表面的实际荷载相当复杂，随风向、时间、地面高度、建筑物形状、地形、周围结构和其他因素而变化。许多窗户、幕墙和门组件对风荷载的阻力也很复杂，取决于荷载大小、持续时间和重复性的完整历史。ASCE/SEI 7和文献中讨论了这些因素 ( 1- 12 ) . 5. 5.2 本试验方法不用于评估玻璃对特定应用的充分性。当要评估玻璃的结构性能时，标准试验方法中描述的程序 E997 或 E998 应使用。 5.3 正确使用本试验方法需要了解压力和挠度测量原理。 5.4 定义了两种类型的循环空气压差:（程序A）寿命周期负荷( X1.1 )和（程序B）风事件荷载( X1.2 ). 当在均匀静态气压下进行测试以确定结构性能时，包括在验证载荷下的性能，标准测试方法 E330/E330M 应用。标准试验方法中考虑了风载碎片与代表极端风事件的循环气压差的结合 E1886 和标准规范 E1996年 . 5.5 在美国，外窗、幕墙和门的设计和测试的典型做法是只考虑一种- 设计风荷载的时间应用，增加适当的安全系数。该设计风荷载基于风速，在结构设计寿命内实际平均发生一次的概率。然而，此类组件的实际现场性能取决于许多复杂因素，并且存在大量应用，其中重复或循环风荷载的影响将是实际结构性能的主要因素，即使此类循环载荷的幅值可能大大低于组件在其设计寿命期间将承受的峰值载荷。循环荷载的影响可能显著的组件示例包括在 附录X2 . 5.5.1 当循环荷载效应显著时，实际- 组件的现场性能将取决于组件承受的完整负载历史。历史包括可变持续荷载以及阵风，其发生频率和持续时间不同。这种负荷历史不是确定性的，要求说明符对测试参数采用概率方法。组件对循环载荷的阻力同样复杂。可用时，耐久性曲线（应力/数量 （序列号） 曲线）可用于估计特定材料的疲劳抗力。然而，应用这些数据的一个主要不确定性是，由单位压力负荷引起的元件中的应力通常未知 先验的 . 由于原位组件承受的荷载不是给定量级的重复荷载，而是频率、持续时间和量级变化的荷载，例如与风事件相关的荷载，因此问题更加复杂。 5.5.2 为了确定实际的测试参数，需要考虑 5.1 – 5.5.1 必须通过一个简单的加载程序建模，该程序近似于相对于其潜在损伤的实际加载。对于寿命周期载荷的情况，预期实际载荷可能包括临界压力，该临界压力在结构设计寿命期间发生的频率高于实际用于测试的频率。在这种情况下，实际载荷幅值和重复次数必须在试验中用较大幅值和较少重复次数的等效载荷表示。对于特定的风事件载荷，整个试验载荷程序可以通过风洞试验或使用文献中定义的方法开发。 5.5.3 在本试验方法中，首先对试验组件进行压力循环。 预计组件能够承受此荷载，而不会出现明显的结构损坏。在此之后，组件承受正负最大试验负载。最大试验荷载可能代表持续荷载或阵风荷载，或两者兼而有之。 5.6 可以根据ASCE/SEI 7中提供的风速图数据，为特定地理位置和发生概率选择设计风速。 5.7 指定测试的人员必须将预期风速和持续时间转换为静态气压差和持续时间。必须考虑与建筑设计、风力强度与持续时间、发生频率和其他因素相关的风压的复杂性。与持续风叠加的是阵风，在短时间内，从几秒钟到几秒钟，阵风的移动速度可能比持续风高很多。 风洞研究、计算机模拟和模型分析有助于确定建筑物的适当风压，通过显示特定建筑物在其他人确定的风速下的行为。 ( 1- 6. ) . 5. 5.8 在综合处理上述所有考虑因素的基础上制定测试程序是一项复杂的任务。中介绍的程序 附录X1 当无法对问题进行全面分析时，可用于确定测试参数。该程序考虑了风速的预期震级变化和发生频率；它们不打算考虑湍流风荷载或结构共振效应 ( 2. ) . 5.9 一些材料具有随时间变化的强度或挠度特性。因此，施加试验载荷的持续时间可能会对试样中所用材料的性能产生重大影响。 幕墙中使用的具有随时间变化的响应特性的材料最常见的例子是玻璃、塑料和使用塑料的复合材料。因此，根据组件暴露于持续或阵风荷载或两者的实际持续时间，测试组件的强度，如下所述。出于实际目的，循环荷载效应应视为与持续时间相关，循环试验荷载只需施加足够长的时间，以使腔室压力稳定。在过去，除非另有规定，否则美国的实践通常要求在等于设计压力1.5倍的规定载荷下，最大试验载荷的最小试验周期为10秒。因此，在测试中纳入了安全系数。 如果设计风荷载是通过ASCE/SEI 7的分析程序确定的，则测试荷载应基于从许用应力设计中使用的荷载组合得出的标称荷载。对于更高的测试载荷和更长的持续时间，设计师还必须考虑哪些安全系数是必不可少的，特别是关于阵风载荷。阵风荷载持续时间相对较短，因此在测试结构承受阵风的充分性时，应注意不要指定或允许不必要的长持续时间荷载。 注1: 在应用该测试方法的测试结果时，请注意，墙或其组件的性能，或两者，可能是制造、安装和调整的函数。样本可能真实地代表或不真实地代表实际结构的每个方面。 在使用中，性能还取决于支撑结构的刚度以及部件对各种其他原因（包括振动、热膨胀、收缩等）劣化的抵抗力。

1.1 This test method describes the determination of the structural performance of exterior windows, doors, skylights, and curtain walls under cyclic air pressure differential, using a test chamber. This test method is applicable to all curtain wall assemblies, including, but not limited to, metal, glass, masonry, and stone components. 2 1.2 This test method is intended only for evaluating the structural performance associated with the specified test specimen, and not the structural performance of adjacent construction. 1.3 Procedure A shall be used for life cycle test loads. 1.4 Procedure B shall be used for wind event test loads. 1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7 . 1.7 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory materials. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining structural performance under cyclic air pressure differential. This typically is intended to represent the long-term effects of repeated applications of wind load on exterior building surface elements or those loads that may be experienced during a hurricane or other extreme wind event. This test method is intended to be used for installations of window, curtain wall, and door assemblies for which the effects of cyclic or repeated loads may be significant factors in the in-service structural performance of the system and for which such effects cannot be determined by testing under a single application of uniform static air pressure. This test method is not intended to account for the effect of windborne debris. This test method is considered appropriate for testing unique constructions or for testing systems that have insufficient in-service records to establish their performance under cyclic loading. 5.1.1 The actual loading on building surfaces is quite complex, varying with wind direction, time, height above ground, building shape, terrain, surrounding structures, and other factors. The resistance of many window, curtain wall, and door assemblies to wind loading is also complex and depends on the complete history of load magnitude, duration, and repetition. These factors are discussed in ASCE/SEI 7 and in the literature ( 1- 12 ) . 5 5.2 This test method is not intended for use in evaluating the adequacy of glass for a particular application. When the structural performance of glass is to be evaluated, the procedure described in Standard Test Method E997 or E998 shall be used. 5.3 The proper use of this test method requires knowledge of the principles of pressure and deflection measurement. 5.4 Two types of cyclic air pressure differentials are defined: (Procedure A) Life cycle load ( X1.1 ) and (Procedure B) Wind event load ( X1.2 ). When testing under uniform static air pressure to establish structural performance, including performance under proof load, Standard Test Method E330/E330M applies. Consideration of windborne debris in combination with cyclic air pressure differential representing extreme wind events is addressed in Standard Test Method E1886 and Standard Specification E1996 . 5.5 Typical practice in the United States for the design and testing of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors has been to consider only a one-time application of design wind load, increased by an appropriate factor of safety. This design wind load is based on wind velocities with actual average probabilities of occurrence of once in the design life of the structure. The actual in-field performance of such assemblies, however, is dependent on many complex factors, and there exists significant classes of applications where the effects of repeated or cyclic wind loading will be the dominating factor in the actual structural performance, even though the magnitudes of such cyclic loads may be substantially lower than the peak load to which the assembly will be subjected during its design life. Examples of assemblies for which the effects of cyclic loading may be significant are included in Appendix X2 . 5.5.1 When cyclic load effects are significant, the actual in-field performance of the assembly will depend on the complete load history to which the assembly is subjected. The history includes variable sustained loads as well as gusts, which occur at varying frequencies and durations. Such load histories are not deterministic, requiring the specifier to resort to a probabilistic approach for test parameters. The resistance of an assembly to cyclic loading is similarly complex. When available, endurance curves (stress/number (S/N) curves) can be used to estimate the fatigue resistance of a particular material. A major uncertainty in applying these data, however, is that the stress in an element induced by a unit pressure load is usually not known a priori . The problem is further complicated by the fact that the load to which the in situ assembly is subjected is not a repetitive load of given magnitude but one that varies in frequency, duration, and magnitude such as loads associated with a wind event. 5.5.2 To establish practical test parameters, the considerations in 5.1 – 5.5.1 must be modeled by a simple loading program that approximates the actual loading with respect to its damage potential. For the case of life cycle loads, the anticipated actual loading may include critical pressures that will occur with greater frequency during the design life of the structure than is practical to use for testing. In such cases, the actual load magnitude and number of repetitions must be represented in the test by an equivalent load of larger magnitude and fewer repetitions. For the case of specific wind event loads, the entire test loading program may be developed from wind tunnel testing or by using methods defined in the literature. 5.5.3 In this test method, the test assembly is first subjected to pressure cycles. The assembly is expected to survive this loading without apparent structural distress. Following this, the assembly is subjected to positive and negative maximum test loads. The maximum test loads may represent sustained loads or gust loads, or both. 5.6 Design wind velocities may be selected for particular geographic locations and probabilities of occurrence based on data from wind velocity maps such as provided in ASCE/SEI 7. 5.7 The person specifying the test must translate the anticipated wind velocities and durations into static air pressure differences and durations. Complexities of wind pressures as related to building design, wind intensity versus duration, frequency of occurrence, and other factors must be considered. Superimposed on sustained winds are gusting winds which, for short periods of time, from fractions of seconds to a few seconds, may move at considerably higher velocities than the sustained winds. Wind tunnel studies, computer simulations, and model analyses are helpful in determining the appropriate wind pressures for buildings by showing how a particular building acts under wind velocities established by others. ( 1- 6 ) . 5 5.8 Specification of a test program based on a comprehensive treatment of all of the above considerations is a complex task. The procedures presented in Appendix X1 may be used to establish test parameters when a comprehensive analysis of the problem is not possible. The procedures account for the expected magnitude variation and occurrence frequency in wind velocities; they are not intended to account for turbulent wind load or structural resonance effects ( 2 ) . 5.9 Some materials have strength or deflection characteristics that are time dependent. Therefore, the duration of the applied test load may have a significant impact on the performance of materials used in the test specimen. The most common examples of materials with time-dependent response characteristics that are used in curtain walls are glass, plastics, and composites that employ plastics. For this reason, the strength of an assembly is tested for the actual time duration to which it would be exposed to a sustained or a gust load, or both, as discussed below. For practical purposes, cyclic load effects are to be considered to be duration-dependent, and the cyclic test loads need be applied only long enough for the chamber pressure to stabilize. In the past, practice in the United States generally has been to require a minimum test period for maximum test loads of 10 s for specified loads equal to 1.5 times the design pressure, unless otherwise specified. Thus a safety factor was incorporated in the testing. If the design wind load is determined through the analytical procedures of ASCE/SEI 7, the test load shall be based on the nominal loads derived from the load combinations used in allowable stress design. With higher test loads and longer time durations, the designer must also consider what safety factors are essential, particularly with regard to gust wind loads. Gust wind loads are of relatively short duration, so that care shall be exercised not to specify or allow unnecessarily long duration loads for purposes of testing the adequacy of the structure to withstand wind gusts. Note 1: In applying the results of tests by this test method, note that the performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a function of fabrication, installation, and adjustment. The specimen may or may not truly represent every aspect of the actual structure. In service, the performance will also depend on the rigidity of the supporting construction and on the resistance of components to deterioration by various other causes, including vibration, thermal expansion, contraction, etc.