这项由AwwaRF资助的研究的主要目标包括:对比天然有机物（NOM）相关污垢 不同类型水域的潜力（异地与原地）；而且 污染对膜特性的影响，了解通过最先进的膜观察到的污染 尸检技术。水质、预处理化学品、膜之间的相互作用 在各种操作条件下，对材料和膜结构进行了中试测试 条件试点研究在两个地点进行:佛罗里达州坦帕水处理厂（主要是 利用Zenon浸没膜的异地NOM；在白河水处理厂 （主要是本地名称），使用美国过滤器的CMF- L试点单位，利用原材料， 凝结和澄清的水作为饲料。试点测试计划旨在区分 三种基于NOM的污垢，包括以下类型:液压可逆污垢；化学可逆 污垢；以及不可逆转的污垢。尸检工具包括:接触角；场发射 扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）；提供污染物沉积的可视化； 傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）；萃取污染物的热解GC/MS；和 提取的污染物的元素（C和N）组成。一般来说，只有很小的 污垢前后接触角的变化。如果膜污染更严重，接触 对于疏水膜和自生膜或非自生膜，角度略有增加 外来NOM来源。FESEM图像由外表面和内表面组成 污染后尸检的纤维。对于外来源和本地源，a 在纤维的内表面观察到沉积物，材料可能与 微生物实体（藻类或/和细菌），尤其是藻类生长的原生来源 在试验期间观察到的情况。提取的污染物的大部分FTIR光谱表明 源于细菌的有机物（氨基糖、蛋白质、脂质）的存在。全部 提取的污染物的热解GC/MS色谱图显示了存在的强烈迹象 存在热降解产生的峰的天然生物聚合物 蛋白质、糖、氨基糖和木质素类结构。尸检结果大致相同 支持与给水NOM成分相关的发现，其中原生NOM 发现这些特征对应于更高的污染可能性。包括10个参考文献、表格和图表。

The primary goal of this AwwaRF funded research included the following: contrast natural organic matter (NOM)-related fouling potential for different types of waters (allochthonous versus autochthonous); and, relate observed fouling to membrane properties and understand fouling observed through state-of-the-art membrane autopsy techniques. Interactions between water quality, pretreatment chemicals, membrane materials, and membrane configurations were tested at pilot-scale under various operating conditions. Pilot studies were conducted at two locations: the Tampa WTP, FL (predominantly allochthonous NOM) utilizing Zenon's immersed membranes; and, at the White River WTP, IN (predominantly autochthonous NOM), using U.S. Filter's CMF-L pilot unit, utilizing raw, coagulated and clarified waters as feed. The pilot testing program was designed to distinguish between three types of NOM-based fouling, including the following: hydraulically reversible fouling; chemically reversible fouling; and, irreversible fouling. Autopsy tools included: contact angle; field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM); providing a visualization of foulant deposition; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); pyrolysis GC/MS of extracted foulant; and, elemental (C and N) composition of extracted foulant. As a general rule, there were only small changes in contact angle before and after fouling. With more severely fouled membranes, contact angle slightly increased for a hydrophobic membrane and either an autochthonous or an allochthonous NOM source. FESEM images were made of both the external and internal surfaces of the fibers autopsied after fouling. For both the allochthonous and autochthonous sources, a deposit was observed at the inner surface of the fibers, with material possibly corresponding to microbial entities (algae or/and bacteria), particularly for the autochthonous source where algae were observed during the period of testing. Most of the FTIR spectra of extracted foulant indicated the presence of organic matter derived from bacterial origin (aminosugars, proteins, lipids). All of the pyrolysis GC/MS chromatograms of extracted foulant showed strong indicators of the presence of natural biopolymers with the presence of peaks that are produced from the thermal degradation of proteins, sugars, aminosugars, and lignin-type structures. The autopsy results were generally supportive of the findings related to feed-water NOM composition in which autochthonous NOM characteristics were found to correspond to a higher fouling potential. Includes 10 references, tables, figures.