评估有关有效性的知识状态 消毒剂残留的分配系统 在偶然的微生物入侵期间，作者 已审核的实验室、中试和全尺寸实验 学习微生物在环境中的持久性 对实验室规模的模拟干管生物膜进行了研究 在典型的 分配中使用的消毒剂残留浓度 系统。大多数研究都采用了基于培养的方法 微生物计数方法， 他们低估了这个数字 微生物的多样性。 因为分配系统是最后一道屏障 在处理厂和用户之间，入侵 这是公用事业管理者关心的问题。经历的情况 在一些维修过程中，零流量或低流量条件 和/或延迟恢复消毒 可能对入侵的持久性至关重要 生物膜中的微生物，这一事实 充分氯化和冲洗的重要性 程序。对于研究界来说，这篇综述 强调了使用新方法进行额外研究的必要性 （例如，分子工具）允许检测活菌 但是不可培养的微生物。包括62个参考文献和表格。

To assess the state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of distribution system disinfectant residuals during accidental microbial intrusions, the authors reviewed laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale experimental studies. The persistence of microorganisms in the biofilms of simulated mains at the laboratory scale was much longer than in pilot-scale settings, under the typical disinfectant residual concentrations used in distribution systems. Most of the studies reviewed used culture-based methods for the enumeration of microorganisms, which are known to underestimate the number and diversity of microorganisms. Because the distribution system is the last barrier between the treatment plant and the consumer, intrusion is of concern to utility managers. Conditions experienced during some repairs, zero- or low-flow conditions and/or delay in reinstatement of disinfection, are likely to be critical for the persistence of intruded microorganisms in the biofilm, a fact that underscores the importance of adequate chlorination and flushing procedures. For the research community, this review highlights the need for additional studies using methods (e.g., molecular tools) that allow the detection of viable but nonculturable microorganisms. Includes 62 references, tables.