除了水的回收和再利用项目，间接饮用水的再利用 废水在过去几十年中一直存在，随着时间的推移，未来可能会增加 上游污水处理厂（WWTP）将水排入河流或湖泊，作为 下游饮用水供应。人们的注意力集中在药物和内分泌干扰物上，但 如果需要氯消毒，污水处理厂也是消毒副产物（DBP）的来源 实践，和DBP先驱。 废水生物处理有两种常见形式:悬浮生长 （biofloc）系统（如活性污泥）；以及附着生长（生物膜）系统（例如滴流 过滤器）。根据运行条件，两者都可以部分或完全运行 硝化过程。硝化作用水平的增加会降低氨的浓度 和有机氮（氨基）化合物。硝化作用转化氨和有机物 氮转化为硝酸盐。缺氧条件下的悬浮生长系统可以反硝化（转化 硝酸盐主要转化为氮气）。 经处理的废水已被证明是各种废水的前体来源 DBPs（三卤甲烷[THMs]、卤乙酸[HAAs]、卤乙腈[HANs]和 亚硝胺）。本研究的目的是评估治疗后的 废水在饮用水中形成DBP，包括季节性 影响。方法包括对美国约20个采用一系列处理工艺（氧化沟、曝气泻湖、滴流）的污水处理厂进行调查 过滤器、活性污泥、硝化/反硝化、土壤含水层处理、膜或 各种组合）。大多数研究地点的样本都是在污水处理厂和 下游污水处理厂、受污水影响的河流或监测井。 在2004年的湿/冷季节和干/暖季节采集样本，以及 第二年（2005年）又一次。第一年的两个采样事件基于水文学 以及治疗方面的考虑。这两个季节显示了水文和气候的不同影响 治疗在第二年，许多公用设施在提供特别服务的季节重新取样 该系统的信息数据，以确定时间（逐年）变化。分析样品中的氨、溶解有机碳（DOC）、溶解有机碳 有机氮（DON）和DBP前体。对选定的污水处理厂样本进行了总体分析 凯氏氮（TKN），由a-3氧化状态的有机氮（即氨基）组成 氮）和氨。使用形成电位（FP）测试测量DBP前体。 对抗惊厥药物普利米酮进行了测量，因为它是一种保守的示踪剂 （指标）废水对饮用水供应的影响。包括4个参考文献、表格和图表。

In addition to water recycling and reclamation programs, indirect potable reuse of wastewater has occurred over the past few decades, which will likely increase in the future as upstream wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharge water into rivers or lakes that serve as downstream drinking water supplies. Attention has focused on pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors, but WWTPs are also sources of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), if chlorine disinfection is practiced, and DBP precursors. Biological wastewater treatment takes one of two general forms: suspended growth (biofloc) systems (e.g., activated sludge); and, attached growth (biofilm) systems (e.g., trickling filter). Depending on operational conditions, both can operate as partial or complete nitrifying processes. Increased levels of nitrification decrease the concentrations of ammonia and organic nitrogen (amino) compounds. Nitrification transforms ammonia and organic nitrogen to nitrate. Suspended growth systems under anoxic conditions can denitrify (convert nitrate primarily to nitrogen gas). Treated wastewater has been shown to be a source of precursors for a wide range of DBPs (trihalomethanes [THMs], haloacetic acids [HAAs], haloacetonitriles [HANs], and nitrosamines). The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of treated wastewater to DBP formation in drinking water supplies, including an examination of seasonal impacts. Methods included a survey of approximately 20 WWTPs in the U.S. that used a range of treatment processes (oxidation ditch, aerated lagoon, trickling filters, activated sludge, nitrification/denitrification, soil aquifer treatment, membranes, or various combinations). For most of the study sites, samples were collected at the WWTPs and downstream DWTPs, effluent-impacted rivers or monitoring wells. Samples were collected during a wet/cold season and a dry/warm season in 2004, and once more in a second year (2005). The two sampling events in year 1 were based on hydrology and treatment considerations. These two seasons showed the different impacts of hydrology and treatment. In year 2, many of the utilities were re-sampled in the season that provided especially informative data for that system to ascertain temporal (year-to-year) variations. The samples were analyzed for ammonia, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and DBP precursors. Selected WWTP samples were analyzed for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), which consists of organic nitrogen in a -3 oxidation state (i.e., amino nitrogen) and ammonia. DBP precursors were measured using formation potential (FP) tests. The anti-convulsant pharmaceutical primidone was measured, as it is a conservative tracer (indicator) of wastewater influences in drinking water supplies. Includes 4 references, tables, figures.