在许多情况下，小型供水系统（人口500-9999）的资源有限，可能无法正常供水 利用建模软件和其他先进技术定位消毒副产物（DBP）最高的点 浓度。尽管如此，在不久的将来，仍需要许多小型系统来执行这些评估 将来需要更多关于配电系统中DBP水平变化的信息，以帮助小型配电系统 执行这些评估的系统。考虑到这一点，本研究的目标是: 在为项目选择的小型供水系统中，确定整个配水系统的DBP水平趋势 学习 确定是否存在简单的水质数据和系统参数，如游离氯和残余氯 与配水入口的距离可用作配水系统中DBP水平的指标；和 向参与研究的小型水系统的操作员提供系统特定信息 有助于他们准备执行IDSE并遵守未来法规的信息和数据 规定。 选择了三家饮用水公司参与本研究。用于选择 与会者如下: 系统尺寸，本研究旨在帮助小型水系统理解和遵守 即将出台的DBP法规以及服务于1万人以下人口的系统被选为 本研究； DBP浓度，选择具有显著DBP水平的系统参与本研究；和 位置和关系，位于宾夕法尼亚州立大学哈里斯堡附近的系统，以及 与大学建立过合作关系者优先。这些品质 沟通和项目启动更加方便和高效。 系统特点如下: 系统A——工厂维修系统A是一个每天120万加仑（MGD）的工厂，使用 地表水作为其原水供应，使用氯气作为消毒剂，人口由 实用程序约为4300（采样点6，采样中包括的最远位置 活动，当前用作最大停留时间采样点）； 系统B——服务人口约2100人，生产约 每天45万加仑，使用地表水作为其原始水源，氯气作为其主要来源 消毒剂（位置4目前用作最长停留时间采样点）；和 系统C——服务人口约2300人，以地表水为主要水源 原水供应，氯气用作水厂的消毒剂，该水厂产生大约 每天400000加仑（当前用作系统最大停留时间位置的点为 爆炸点）。因为许多小型系统没有广泛的DBP数据历史或水力建模功能 为本研究选择采样点时使用的唯一工具是配电系统图。 在每个取样点进行分析，以确定三卤甲烷（THM）和卤乙酸（HAA） 此时的浓度。测定了游离余氯、总余氯、水温和pH值 测量也一样。根据以下方法对样品进行分析: THMs——美国环保局方法551.1（美国环保局，1995年）； 哈斯——美国环保局方法552.3（美国环保局，1995年）； 总余氯——基于标准方法4500 Cl G的HACH方法8167； 游离余氯——基于标准方法4500 Cl G的HACH方法8021；和 pH值和温度-便携式HACH传感器1。包括4个参考文献、图表。

Small water systems (population 500-9,999), in many cases, have limited resources and may not be able to employ modeling software and other advanced technologies to locate points with the highest disinfection byproduct (DBP) concentrations. Nonetheless, many small systems will be required to perform these evaluations in the near future. More information on the variation of DBP levels in distribution systems is needed in order to aid small systems in performing these evaluations. With this in mind, the objectives of this research were to: determine DBP level trends throughout the distribution system in the small water systems chosen for the study; determine whether simple water quality data and system parameters, such as free chlorine residual and distance from the distribution inlet can be used as indicators of DBP levels in the distribution system; and, provide the operators of the small water systems that participated in the study with system specific information and data that may aid them in preparing to perform an IDSE and comply with future regulations. Three drinking water utilities were selected for participation in this study. The criteria used to select the participants was as follows: System Size, this study was intended to aid small water systems in understanding and complying with upcoming DBP regulations and, therefore, systems serving a population of less than 10,000 people were selected for this study; DBP Concentration, systems with significant DBP levels were chosen to participate in this study; and, location and relationship, systems located in close proximity to Penn State Harrisburg, and those that had a previously established relationship with the University were preferable. These qualities made communication and project startup more convenient and productive. The system characteristics were as follows: System A - the plant servicing system A is a 1.2 million gallon per day (MGD) plant, uses surface water as its raw water supply, uses chlorine gas as a disinfectant, and population served by the utility is approximately 4,300 (Sample point 6, the most remote location included in the sampling campaign, is currently used as the maximum residence time sample point); System B - serves a population of approximately 2,100 people, produces approximately 450,000 gallons per day, uses surface water as its raw water source and chlorine gas as the disinfectant (Location 4 is currently used as the maximum residence time sample point); and, System C - serves a population of approximately 2,300 people, uses surface water as its raw water supply, chlorine gas is used as the disinfectant in the water plant which produces approximately 400,000 gallons per day (the point currently used as the maximum residence time location for the system is a blow-off point). Because many small systems do not have an extensive DBP data history or hydraulic modeling capabilities the only tool that was used when selecting sampling points for this study was distribution system maps. At each point chosen for sampling, analysis was performed to determine the trihalomethane (THM) and Haloacetic Acid (HAA) concentrations at that point. The free chlorine residual, total chlorine residual, water temperature, and pH were measured as well. The samples were analyzed according to the following methods: THMs - USEPA method 551.1 (USEPA, 1995); HAAs - USEPA method 552.3 (USEPA, 1995); Total Chlorine Residual - HACH method 8167 based on Standard Method 4500-Cl G; Free Chlorine Residual - HACH method 8021 based on Standard Method 4500-Cl G; and, pH and Temperature - portable HACH Sension1. Includes 4 references, figures.