各种热交换器，如蒸发器、冷凝器、空气-空气和水-空气热交换器，通常用于空调和制冷行业的传热应用。大多数热交换器的设计标准是在能源“廉价”和“充足”的时候制定的。当前的能源危机和不断飙升的能源成本使得有必要重新评估和改进这些热交换器的性能和设计标准。引文:加利福尼亚州洛杉矶ASHRAE Transactions第86卷第1部分

Various heat exchangers, such as evaporators, condensers, air-to-air and water-to-air heat exchangers, are commonly used for heat-transfer applications in the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry. The design criteria for most of these heat exchangers were developed at a time when energy was "cheap" and "abundant". The current energy crisis and soaring energy costs have made it necessary to reassess and improve the performance and design criteria for these heat exchangers.