测定了使用标准和改进型加热器的单个电热水器的电负荷曲线和出水温度。修改是通过改变下部元件的瓦数和/或在底部元件上安装时钟来调节其通电时间。这些装置位于一个计算机化的实验室设施中，使用固定的取水模式模拟典型的用水情况。在代表变电站规模负载的一组房屋上，还对bottcm元件上的时钟进行了现场测试。实验室结果表明，对于标准的52加仑（197升）热水器，底部元件完成了所有加热，只要从水箱中抽出少量水，底部元件就会启动。 较小的下部元件尺寸增加了通过顶部元件输入的热量，并趋于平滑电力需求曲线。所有较小的元件瓦特数和时钟控制测试用例都减少了能源使用；然而，这一下降的很大一部分是由于出口水温降低。现场测试的结果表明，时钟将使用量减少了12.2%±5.8%，峰值需求减少了24.8%±9.8%，但在非空间调节季节，时钟并没有降低可变性。单位:双引文:研讨会，ASHRAE交易，1988年，第94卷，pt。德克萨斯州达拉斯1号

The electrical load curves and outlet water temperatures of individual electrical water heaters using standard and modified heaters were determined. Modifications were made by changing the wattage of the lower element and/or installing a time clock on the bottom element to regulate when it could be energized. The units were located in a computerized laboratory facility where a fixed water withdrawal patttern was used to simulate typical water usage. A field test of a time clock on the bottcm element was also run on a group of houses representative of electric substation scale loading.The laboratory results indicated that for the standard 52 gallon (197 L) water heater, the bottom element did all of the heating and it would come on whenever a small amount of water was withdrawn from the tank. The smaller lower element sizes increased the amount of heat input via the top element and tended to smooth the electrical demand curve. All of the smaller element wattages and time clock control test cases reduced the energy usage; however, a large component of this reduction was due to lower outlet water temperatures.The results from the field test indicated that the time clocks reduced the usage by 12.2% ±5.8% and reduced the peak demand by 24.8% ±9.8% but did not decrease the variability during the non-space-conditioning season.Units: Dual