This paper discusses the results of a series of experiments carried out on the world's largest experimental pipe-rig compared with the results of laboratory studies for isolating coliform organisms from biofilms in water distribution systems. Comparison of water supply zones that have compliant water samples with those that have coliform failures indicates that the failures cannot be directly linked to low chlorine residuals, temperature or any known point source of contamination. A study which attempts to identify factors which impact on coliform failures in distribution is described.