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现行 SE-14-C065
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Using Thermal Mass and PCM to Shift Demand off-Peak: A Paradigm Shift in Cold Storage Design 使用热质量和PCM将需求转移到非峰值:冷库设计的范式转变
在考虑高性能建筑时,冷库设施可能不是最先想到的建筑。然而,这些设施的数量和规模每年都在增长,部分原因是全世界都在关注改善易腐食品的“冷链”。对于温带地区的大多数冷藏设施而言,电力消耗峰值出现在产品收获期间,而夏季和秋季则出现在白天,此时温度和电价最高。由于通过改变收割作业或时间表来转移冷负荷是不可行的,而且由于公用事业公司和监管机构对需求侧负荷管理的兴趣越来越高,因此似乎有必要质疑制冷行业现状结构类型的效率——低成本- 大型隔热金属板(IMP)建筑。在美国农村能源计划(REAP)的资助下,作者设计并建造了一个冷藏设施,该设施使用独特的墙壁和制冷系统,共同减少能源使用,并将电力需求转移到非高峰时段。节能墙采用结构混凝土膜包裹在R-100绝缘芯上。通过相变材料(PCM)的热增强,墙体的蓄热能力增加了十倍,理论上使设施能够跨越六小时的高峰需求期,而不依赖传统的制冷。负荷转移对于提高电网的可靠性和效率至关重要。为此,公用事业公司已经实施了peak- 定价模型和激励计划,以鼓励能源用户远离峰值。计算表明,与行业标准第24篇“建筑”相比,本文中介绍的已完工建筑将减少50%的能源成本,从而在不到四年的时间内为增加的投资带来简单的回报。引文:ASHRAE论文CD:2014 ASHRAE年会,华盛顿州西雅图
Cold storage facilities are likely not the first buildings that come to mind when thinking about high performance buildings. However, thenumber and size of these facilities are growing every year, in part due to a worldwide focus on improving the "cold chain" for perishable foodproducts. For most cold storage facilities in temperate regions peak electricity consumption occurs during product harvest, which occurs in thesummer and autumn months during daylight hours when temperatures and electricity prices are the highest. Because it is not feasible to shift coolingloads by changing the harvest operation or schedule, and because of a heightened interest by utilities and regulators in demand side loadmanagement, it seems imperative to question the efficacy of the refrigeration industry status quo construction type – the low-mass, insulated metalpanel (IMP) building.With grant support from the Rural Energy for America Program (REAP), the authors designed and constructed a cold storage facilitywhich uses a unique wall and refrigeration system that together reduce energy use and shift electrical demand to off-peak times of the day. Theenergy efficient wall employs structural concrete membranes wrapped around an R-100 insulated core. Enhanced thermally with phase changematerial (PCM), the thermal storage capacity of the wall is increased tenfold, theoretically enabling the facility to span a six hour peak-demandperiod without relying on conventional refrigeration. Load shifting is paramount to the increased reliability and efficiency of the energy grid. To thisend, utility companies have implemented peak-pricing models and incentive programs to encourage energy users to shift off-peak. Calculations showthat the completed building presented in this paper will reduce energy costs by 50% compared to industry standard, Title 24 construction, resultingin a simple payback for the added investment in less than four years.
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