1.1 本实践包括通过光学显微镜识别沉积在铁谱上的用过的润滑油和液压油样品中常见的磨损和污染物颗粒。本实践涉及颗粒的识别，但不涉及确定颗粒浓度的方法。 1.2 该实践与在不存在润滑的情况下产生的颗粒相结合，但通常不包括在不存在润滑的情况下产生的颗粒，例如可以通过侵蚀、撞击、气刨或抛光产生的颗粒。 1.3 以SI单位表示的值将被视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.4 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全性问题（如果有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践并确定法规限制的适用性。1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ======意义和用途====== 5.1 铁谱的目的是根据油中观察到的颗粒的数量和类型来诊断机器的运行状况。磨合后，正常运行的机器在样品之间表现出一致的颗粒浓度和颗粒类型。颗粒浓度的增加，伴随着颗粒类型的尺寸和严重性的增加，表明故障的开始。本实践描述了在-服务润滑剂，但没有解决颗粒浓度定量的方法。 5.2 提供该实践是为了促进改进和扩大铁谱分析与在役润滑剂分析的使用。它有助于克服一些感知到的复杂性和由此产生的恐吓，这些复杂性和恐吓有效地将铁谱分析限制在专业且数量非常有限的从业者手中。标准化术语和通用报告格式提供了一致的解释和一般理解。 5.3 如果没有颗粒碎片分析，在役润滑剂分析结果通常无法从分析结果中得出可能的根本原因或潜在的严重性，因为缺少关于损坏机制的可能识别或程度的信息。5.4 本实施例中描述的铁谱分析提供了指南中描述的方法之外的附加颗粒识别能力 D7684 原因如下: (1) 铁谱颗粒分离方法是磁性的，因此可以容易地区分铁和非铁磨损颗粒。 (2) 铁谱法按尺寸分离含铁（磁性）颗粒。 (3) 沉积在玻璃基板上，使得可以使用透射光以及反射光检查颗粒，从而允许识别当仅使用反射光进行检查时无法识别的颗粒类型。 (4) 可以对铁谱进行热处理，以提供铁合金类型(钢与铸铁)之间的重要区别、各种非铁合金之间的进一步区别以及无机和有机颗粒之间的区别。5.5 从特定样品中发现的颗粒得出结论时必须谨慎，特别是如果被检查的样品是该类型机器中的第一个样品。一些机器在正常运行期间会产生在其他机器中被认为是高度异常的磨损颗粒。例如，许多齿轮箱在其整个预期使用寿命期间产生严重磨损颗粒，而来自飞行器燃气涡轮油样品的仅少数严重磨损颗粒可能是高度异常的。声音诊断要求为监测下的每种机器类型建立基线或典型磨损颗粒特征。

1.1 This practice covers the identification by optical microscopy of wear and contaminant particles commonly found in used lubricant and hydraulic oil samples that have been deposited on ferrograms. This practice relates to the identification of particles, but not to methods of determining particle concentration. 1.2 This practice interfaces with but generally excludes particles generated in the absence of lubrication, such as may be generated by erosion, impaction, gouging, or polishing. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The objective of ferrography is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine sampled based on the quantity and type of particles observed in the oil. After break-in, normally running machines exhibit consistent particle concentration and particle types from sample to sample. An increase in particle concentration, accompanied by an increase in size and severity of particle types is indicative of initiation of a fault. This practice describes commonly found particles in in-service lubricants, but does not address methodology for quantification of particle concentration. 5.2 This practice is provided to promote improved and expanded use of ferrographic analysis with in-service lubricant analysis. It helps overcome some perceived complexity and resulting intimidation that effectively limits ferrographic analysis to the hands of a specialized and very limited number of practitioners. Standardized terminology and common reporting formats provide consistent interpretation and general understanding. 5.3 Without particulate debris analysis, in-service lubricant analysis results often fall short of concluding likely root cause or potential severity from analytical results because of missing information about the possible identification or extent of damaging mechanisms. 5.4 Ferrographic analysis, as described in this practice, provides additional particle identification capabilities beyond methods described in Guide D7684 for the following reasons: (1) The ferrographic particle separation method is magnetic thus making it possible to readily distinguish between ferrous and nonferrous wear particles. (2) Ferrography separates ferrous (magnetic) particles by size. (3) Deposition is on a glass substrate so that particles may be examined using transmitted light as well as reflected light allowing particle types to be identified that cannot be identified when examination is done using only reflected light. (4) Ferrograms may be heat treated providing important distinctions between ferrous alloy types (steel versus cast iron), further distinctions among various nonferrous alloys and distinctions between inorganic and organic particles. 5.5 Caution must be exercised when drawing conclusions from the particles found in a particular sample, especially if the sample being examined is the first from that type of machine. Some machines, during normal operation, generate wear particles that would be considered highly abnormal in other machines. For example, many gear boxes generate severe wear particles throughout their expected service life, whereas just a few severe wear particles from an aircraft gas turbine oil sample may be highly abnormal. Sound diagnostics require that a baseline, or typical wear particle signature, be established for each machine type under surveillance.