1.1 这些实践涵盖了从流动的工艺流（例如发电站的工艺流）中取样进行化学、物理、微生物和放射分析的设备和方法。它不包括特定测试或分析方法所需和特有的专用设备。包括以下内容: 章节 练习A-抓取样品 9– 17 实践B-复合样品 18– 23 实践C-在线取样 24– 29 1.2 有关专门取样设备、测试或分析方法的资料，请参阅 ASTM标准年鉴 ，与水有关。 1.3 以SI单位表示的值将被视为标准值。括号中给出的值是英寸-磅单位的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准。1.4 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全性问题（如果有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践并确定法规限制的适用性。 有关具体危害声明，请参见 8.3 和 13.4 . 1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ======意义和用途====== 5.1 取样的目的是获得具有代表性的主体水体的一部分进行分析。实现这一目标所需的最关键因素是采样点、材料选择、系统设计、采样时间、采样频率以及在分析前保持样品完整性的适当程序。 5.2 待采样过程的均匀性经常缺乏，因此需要多点采样。如果利用最具代表性的采样点是不切实际的，则可能有必要确定和理解相互关系，以便在最少数量的点处获得的结果可以用于表征系统。 5.3 从系统中的单个点收集的样本总是被认为在某种程度上不具有代表性。因此，样本的总代表性不能成为选择采样点的先决条件。应评估样本的代表性程度，并将评估作为永久记录的一部分。这将防止将人为的准确度分配给从样品测试中获得的数据。 5.4 根据所用分析方法的要求，样品应具有足够的体积，并应足够频繁地采集，以允许所需目标所需的测试重现性。 5.5 进行水取样的实验室或设施应符合指南 D3856 .

1.1 These practices cover the equipment and methods for sampling water from flowing process streams such as process streams at power stations for chemical, physical, microbiological, and radiological analyses. It does not cover specialized equipment required for and unique to a specific test or method of analysis. The following are included: Sections Practice A—Grab Samples 9 – 17 Practice B—Composite Samples 18 – 23 Practice C—On-Line Sampling 24 – 29 1.2 For information on specialized sampling equipment, tests or methods of analysis, reference should be made to Volumes 11.01 and 11.02 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards , relating to water. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see 8.3 and 13.4 . 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The goal of sampling is to obtain for analysis a portion of the main body of water that is representative. The most critical factors necessary to achieve this are points of sampling, and materials selection, system design, time of sampling, frequency of sampling, and proper procedures to maintain the integrity of the sample prior to analysis. 5.2 Homogeneity of the process to be sampled is frequently lacking, necessitating multiple-point sampling. If it is impractical to utilize a most-representative sampling point, it may be necessary to determine and understand interrelationships so that results obtained at a minimum number of points may be used to characterize the system. 5.3 Samples collected from a single point in a system are always recognized as being non-representative to some degree. For this reason, total representativeness of samples cannot be a prerequisite to the selection of a sampling point. The degree of representativeness of the sample shall be assessed and the assessment made a part of the permanent record. This will prevent an artificial degree of accuracy from being assigned to the data derived from tests on the sample. 5.4 The samples shall be of sufficient volume and shall be taken frequently enough to permit reproducibility of testing requisite for the desired objective, as required by the method of analysis to be used. 5.5 Laboratories or facilities conducting water sampling should be in compliance with Guide D3856 .