水力瞬变，也称为压力波动或水锤，是实现稳态流量和压力变化的手段。当配水管网中的条件发生变化时，例如通过关闭阀门或启动泵，它会产生一系列压力波。这些扰动在介质中以声速传播，直到它们在某种形式的阻尼或摩擦作用下消散到新的稳态水平。瞬变事件会将巨大的压力和快速的流体加速引入配水系统，这可能会导致泵和设备故障、系统疲劳或管道破裂，甚至污水回流/侵入。许多瞬态事件可能导致水柱分离，从而导致灾难性的管道故障。 瞬态事件可能会导致健康风险，并可能导致泄漏增加或可靠性降低。因此，流量控制措施非常重要，不仅对液压系统的设计有影响，而且对系统运行和保护的其他方面也有影响。选择管道布局和剖面、在系统内定位控制元件、制定操作规则以及面临系统管理的持续挑战等问题都受到控制系统细节的影响。合理和经济的运行需要准确的数据、仔细校准的模型、对未来需求和瞬态负载系统响应的持续预测，以及正确选择单个组件和补救策略。这些设计决策不能被视为附加在几乎完整的设计之后的事后思考。 瞬态分析是合理网络设计中一个基本且具有挑战性的部分。瞬变流模拟已成为保证饮用水配水系统安全运行的基本要求。本文提供了对瞬态条件的物理现象和背景的基本理解，提出了瞬态条件抑制和控制的实用指南，并比较了广泛使用的液压瞬态模拟方案的公式和计算性能。此外，还提供了详细的瞬态流程图，为配水系统中浪涌控制和抑制部件的选择提供了全面的指南。包括25个参考文献、表格和图表。

Hydraulic transient, also called pressure surge or water hammer, is the means by which a change in steady-state flow and pressure is achieved. When conditions in a water distribution network are changed, such as by closing a valve or starting a pump, it generates a series of pressure waves. These disturbances propagate at the velocity of sound within the medium until they dissipate to the level of the new steady state by the action of some form of damping or friction. Transient events can introduce large pressure forces and rapid fluid accelerations into a water distribution system, which may result in pump and device failures, system fatigue or pipe ruptures, and even dirty water backflow/intrusion. Many transient events can lead to water column separation that can result in catastrophic pipeline failures. Transient events can cause health risks and may lead to increased leakage or decreased reliability. Thus, flow control actions are extremely important and have implications not only for the design of the hydraulic system but also for other aspects of system operation and protection. Problems such as selecting the pipe layout and profile, locating control elements within the system, formulating operating rules, as well as facing the ongoing challenges of system management are all influenced by the control system details. A rational and economical operation requires accurate data, carefully calibrated models, ongoing predictions of future demands and transient loading system responses, and correct selection of both individual components and remedial strategies. These design decisions cannot be considered an afterthought to be appended to a nearly complete design. Transient analysis is a fundamental and challenging part of rational network design. Transient-flow simulation has become an essential requirement for ensuring the safe operation of drinking water distribution systems. This article provides a basic understanding of the physical phenomena and context of transient conditions, presents practical guidelines for transient condition suppression and control, and compares the formulation and computational performance of widely used hydraulic transient simulation schemes. A detailed transient flowchart that offers a comprehensive guide to the selection of components for surge control and suppression in water distribution systems is also provided. Includes 25 references, tables, figures.