热水器待机损失的标准测试不考虑通过入口管和出口管的热损失。即使在无流动的条件下，管道也将充当散热片，将储存的热能传输到环境中。水平管与垂直管的传热不同。分析了相应的损耗，并与实测值进行了比较。然后考虑出口管道隔热的优点。研究了出口管道的三种配置:水平、垂直和两者的组合。本文介绍的工作是确定家用电热水器整体（服务）效率的整体研究的一部分。储罐中的备用损失、总体分配和储罐需求损失将在其他地方处理。引文:阿什雷学报，第84卷，第一部分，佐治亚州亚特兰大

The standard test for stand-by losses of water heaters does not consider the heat losses through the inlet and outlet tubing. Even under the no flow conditions the tubing will act as fins transferring stored thermal energy to the ambient. The heat transfer from horizontal tubing will be different from that in vertical tubing. The corresponding losses are analyzed and compared with measurements. The merits of insulating the outlet tubing are then considered. Three configurations are studied for the outlet tubing: horizontal, vertical and a combination of both.The work presented is part of an overall study to determine the overall (service) efficiency of residential electric water heaters. The stand-by losses in the tank and the overall distribution and tank losses upon demand will be treated elsewhere.