1.1 本指南提供了使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散X射线光谱仪（EDX或EDS）检查硬化混凝土的信息。自20世纪60年代以来，SEM已被用于混凝土检测，并被证明是对混凝土及其成分进行微观结构分析的一种有见地的工具。混凝土的SEM分析没有标准化程序。SEM补充了光学显微镜的技术，这些技术在实践中有所描述 C856/C856米 以及（如适用）实践中描述的技术 C856/C856米 应咨询SEM分析。有关进一步研究，请参阅本指南末尾的参考书目。 1.2 本指南旨在概括介绍SEM/EDS分析技术在混凝土检测和分析中的应用。它对希望研究混凝土、熟悉但不擅长SEM/EDS技术操作和应用的工程师和科学家有用。本指南并不旨在提供有关该技术操作或通过SEM/EDS获得的信息解释的明确说明。 1.3 石油技师或操作员或两者都必须熟悉SEM/EDX（EDS）设备、试样制备程序以及其他相关程序的使用。本指南不讨论数据解释。最好由了解SEM/EDX（EDS）的重要性和局限性以及所评估材料的个人进行适当的数据解释。 1.4 SEM提供的图像可以从低倍率（例如，15倍）到高倍率（比如，50倍）不等 000×或更大）混凝土试样，如碎片、抛光表面或粉末。 这些图像可以提供指示观测样本中成分或地形变化的信息。EDX（EDS）系统可用于定性或定量测定与观察样品表面相交的非常小体积的元素成分（例如，1-10立方微米），这些测量的成分测定可与SEM图像中观察到的特定特征相关联。看见 注释1 . 注1: 电子文档由电子显微照片和EDX（EDS）光谱组成，说明了以下讨论的材料、反应产物和现象，可在http: //netfiles.uiuc.edu/dlange/www/CML/index.html。 1.5 在某些情况下，硬化混凝土样本的SEM和EDX（EDS）分析性能可能会带来使用相同技术分析的其他材料通常不会遇到的独特挑战。 1.6 本指南可用于协助混凝土岩石学家进行或解释SEM和EDX（EDS）分析，以最大限度地发挥这些技术在混凝土和其他胶结材料（如砂浆和灰泥）岩相检查中的作用。有关扫描电子显微镜或混凝土和混凝土岩相检验的更深入、更全面的教程- 相关材料，读者可以参考本指南参考书目部分中引用的其他出版物。 1.7 单位- 以国际单位表示的数值视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.8 本标准并不旨在解决与电子显微镜、X射线光谱仪、化学品和用于制备电子显微镜样品的设备的使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。

1.1 This guide provides information for the examination of hardened concrete using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS). Since the 1960s, SEM has been used for the examination of concrete and has proved to be an insightful tool for the microstructural analysis of concrete and its components. There are no standardized procedures for the SEM analysis of concrete. SEM supplements techniques of light microscopy, which are described in Practice C856/C856M , and, when applicable, techniques described in Practice C856/C856M should be consulted for SEM analysis. For further study, see the bibliography at the end of this guide. 1.2 This guide is intended to provide a general introduction to the application of SEM/EDS analytical techniques for the examination and analysis of concrete. It is meant to be useful to engineers and scientists who want to study concrete and who are familiar with, but not expert in, the operation and application of SEM/EDS technology. The guide is not intended to provide explicit instructions concerning the operation of this technology or interpretation of information obtained through SEM/EDS. 1.3 It is critical that petrographer or operator or both be familiar with the SEM/EDX (EDS) equipment, specimen preparation procedures, and the use of other appropriate procedures for this purpose. This guide does not discuss data interpretation. Proper data interpretation is best done by individuals knowledgeable about the significance and limitations of SEM/EDX (EDS) and the materials being evaluated. 1.4 The SEM provides images that can range in scale from a low magnification (for example, 15×) to a high magnification (for example, 50 000× or greater) of concrete specimens such as fragments, polished surfaces, or powders. These images can provide information indicating compositional or topographical variations in the observed specimen. The EDX (EDS) system can be used to qualitatively or quantitatively determine the elemental composition of very small volumes intersecting the surface of the observed specimen (for example, 1-10 cubic microns) and those measured compositional determinations can be correlated with specific features observed in the SEM image. See Note 1 . Note 1: An electronic document consisting of electron micrographs and EDX (EDS) spectra illustrating the materials, reaction products, and phenomena discussed below is available at http://netfiles.uiuc.edu/dlange/www/CML/index.html. 1.5 Performance of SEM and EDX (EDS) analyses on hardened concrete specimens can, in some cases, present unique challenges not normally encountered with other materials analyzed using the same techniques. 1.6 This guide can be used to assist a concrete petrographer in performing or interpreting SEM and EDX (EDS) analyses in a manner that maximizes the usefulness of these techniques in conducting petrographic examinations of concrete and other cementitious materials, such as mortar and stucco. For a more in-depth, comprehensive tutorial on scanning electron microscopy or the petrographic examination of concrete and concrete-related materials, the reader is directed to the additional publications referenced in the bibliography section of this guide. 1.7 Units— The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of electron microscopes, X-ray spectrometers, chemicals, and equipment used to prepare samples for electron microscopy. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.