渗透长期以来一直满足北美居民的通风需求。在北欧，专门提供的自然通风系统（即所谓的被动通风系统）增强了这一功能，以更好地控制比北美同类住宅更小的住宅中的湿度问题，以及在通常更潮湿的气候中。然而，对能源消耗的日益关注以及与之相关的环境影响，导致这两大洲的住宅建设标准更加严格，因此，与背景通风不足相关的问题浮出水面。北美的建筑研究人员和实践者认识到不受控制的自然通风会带来能源损失，他们正转向机械系统，以提供必要的通风来控制空气质量。 北欧人也在效仿，但并没有完全放弃过去一个世纪为他们服务的被动通风方法。特别是英国、比利时和法国已经启动了研究项目，以提高对这些传统且主要基于经验的通风方法的理解和性能，希望它们能够更可靠地提供基本的背景通风，同时避免与不受控制的过度通风相关的能量损失。这种情况引出了一个简单的问题:欧洲被动通风系统能否适应北美住宅的使用，为空气质量控制提供一般背景通风？本文试图回答这个问题。 将审查首选的欧洲被动通风系统——被动烟囱通风（PSV）系统的配置、规格和性能；将概述最近为改善传统PSV系统性能而开发的创新组件和系统设计策略；此外，还将介绍替代系统配置，以更好地服务于北美的极端气候和更多城市环境。虽然这些创新的替代被动通风系统在未来前景广阔，但尚未找到一种合理的方法来确定这些系统部件的尺寸，以实现满足新通风和气密性标准的冲突约束所需的控制和精度。 本文将介绍这种方法，并给出这种方法的一个应用。单元:双引文:研讨会，ASHRAE交易，第105卷，第。1999年2月2日，西雅图

Infiltration has long served the residential ventilation needs in North America. In Northern Europe it has been augmented by purpose-provided natural ventilation systems--so-called passive ventilation systems--to better control moisture problems in dwellings smaller than their North American counterparts and in a generally wetter climate. The growing concern for energy consumption, and the environmental impacts associated with it, has however led to tighter residential construction standards on both continents and as a result problems associated with insufficient background ventilation have surfaced. Recognizing the energy penalty of uncontrolled natural ventilation, building researchers and practitioners in North America are turning to mechanical systems to provide the necessary ventilation for air quality control. Northern Europeans are following suit but have not completely abandoned the passive ventilation methods that have served them for the past century. Research programs have been initiated in Britain, Belgium and France, in particular, to improve the understanding and performance of these traditional and largely empirically-based ventilation methods in the hope that they can more reliably provide basic background ventilation while avoiding the energy penalty associated with uncontrolled over-ventilation. This state of affairs begs, then, a simple question:Can European passive ventilation systems be adapted for use in North American dwellings to provide general background ventilation for air quality control?This paper attempts to answer this question. The configuration, specifications and performance of the preferred European passive ventilation system--the passive stack ventilation (PSV) system--will be reviewed; innovative components and system design strategies recently developed to improve the traditional PSV system performance will be outlined; and alternative system configurations will be presented that may better serve the climatic extremes and more urban contexts of North America. While these innovative and alternative passive ventilation systems hold great promise for the future, a rational method to size the components of these systems to achieve the control and precision needed to meet the conflicting constraints of new ventilation and air tightness standards has not been forthcoming. Such a method will be introduced in this paper and an application of this method will be presented.Units: Dual